As developmental psychologist cease to perceive adolescence as a period of turmoil and adopt the Positive Youth Development (PYD) perspective, pschometrically sound measurement tools will be needed to assess adolescent positive attributes. The present research aimed to study psychometrics characteristics of positive youth development questionnaire in students. The present study was descriptive and correlation studies' type. For this purpose, 400 students (200 boys and 200 girls) were selected by multistage cluster sampling method & answered positive youth development Geldhof et al (2014) and Illinois bullying (2001) scales. For data analysis, was used from factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Pearson correlation methods. Factor analysis result showed that this scale was saturated with five factors. In addition, Pearson correlation results indicated that the positive youth development with discipline (r=0.32) academic achievement (r=0.31) and bullying (r=-0.45) significant relationship p≤0.01 there. Also positive youth development questionnaire reliability using Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.81 and for each of the subscales, including competence 0.50, confidence 0.86, character 0.52, caring 0.63 and connection 0.79. Results indicated that positive youth development in the Persian version of the questionnaire can be used as a valid instrument in psychological research.

Background: The occurrence of significant physical-psychosocial changes in adolescence can affect life satisfaction and self-efficacy in adolescents. Therefore, environmental facilities and developmental programs are necessary for adolescent’s adjustment. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of positive youth development program on adolescents' life satisfaction and self-efficacy. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up design with control group. To this aim, forty-eight students among female students studying in the ninth grade of secondary school in the academic year 1396-97 in the city of Arak were selected by multistage random sampling and randomly divided into two experimental (23) and control groups (n = 25). Experimental group received positive youth development program in 24 one-hour sessions. Both groups completed the life satisfaction scale (Diener et al., 1985) and the general self-efficacy scale (Sherer et al., 1982) in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. Results: The results of covariance analysis indicated that positive youth development program was effective on adolescents' life satisfaction and self-efficacy in short and long term (p=0.005). Conclusions: The findings suggest that positive youth development program can be an appropriate practical program for increasing adolescents’ life satisfaction and self-efficacy. 

Background: Research has shown that there are relationships between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OC), but no research has been performed on the mediating role of  inferential confusion in this regard. Therefore,  the question of research is whether  inferential confusion can mediate this relationship?. Aims: The present study was carried out aming to investigate the mediation role of inferential confusion in the relationships between EMSs and OC symptoms in university students. Method: The present research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students  in  Arak University. Among them, a  sample  of 532  undergraduate students were selected by multiple cluster sampling method. To collect data, the obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised (Foa et al. 2002), the Young early maladaptive schema questionnaire-short form (1998), and the inferential confusion questionnaire-expanded version (Ardema et al, 2010) were used. Results: According to maladaptive schemas and inferential confusion theories, findings indicated the significant direct and indirect effects of EMSs on OC symptoms through the mediating inferential confusion (p<0/01, p<0/05) .Conclusions: The findings emphasizd that both EMSs and inferential confusion are important to explain OC symptoms. Also,  inferential confusion as a mediator is a variable that explins the relationships between EMSs and OC symptoms. 

Background: Attachment styles and personality types are key determinants of intimate relationships such as life and sexual satisfaction.  The issue of the present study is the lack of sufficient data regarding the relationship between attachment styles and personality types with life and sex satisfaction considering the interactive effects between them. Aims: The aim of this research is to compare the rate of life satisfaction and sexual satisfaction with respect to attachment styles in two personality types A and B. Method: The study was a causal-comparative design. Statistical population contains all married students of Payame Nour University of Tabriz in academic year 2018-2019, which amounts to 7000 subjects of whom 400 subjects were selected as sample through classified random sampling method. Diner's life satisfaction questionnaire(2008), Hadson's sexual satisfaction questionnaire(1981), Hazen and Shaiver's attachment style questionnaire(1987) and Burtner's personality type questionnaire(1967) were carried out on these subjects at first, and finally after eliminating 15 subjects from these samples because of errors contained in questionnaires, two-factor variance analysis of sample containing 385 subject was done. Results: Findings show that the rate of life satisfaction is affected by the interaction between the type of attachment style of subjects and their personality types so that subjects with immune attachment style have higher rate of life satisfaction in both personality types, (p<0/05). Whereas sexual satisfaction of subjects is not affected by attachment styles personality type and the interaction between these two components (p>0/05). Conclusions: Accordingly rate of life satisfaction is affected by their personality type according to their attachment style.

Background: The focus of reality therapy interventions in working with couples, is to raise couple’s awareness of their needs and to help them meet each other’s needs. Having a valid instrument is needed to measure these basic needs based on their manifestations in terms of close relationship of the couples. Aims: The aim of the present study was to develop and examine psychometric properties of the couple’s basic needs assessment scale (CBNAS). Method: The present study was correlational study. 1049 married individuals (504 women, 545 men) were selected by two-stage cluster sampling. The convergent validity was assessed by finding a correlation between the questionnaire of basic needs (Salari & Sahebi, 1383) and CBNAS. Results: the first half of the data was devoted to test the exploratory factor analysis and the second half of the data was devoted to test the confirmatory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis revealed the CBNAS comprises of five dimensions (security, love, power, fun, & freedom) and the result of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five dimensions. There was a strong correlation between the CBNAS and the questionnaire of basic needs, which supported the convergent validity for the the couple’s basic needs assessment scale (p<0/01, p<0/05). The reliability of the CBNAS demonstrated a good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha value of 0/90 and Test-retest value of 0/91. Conclusions: the CBNAS could be used as a reliable and valid scale in couple therapy among Iranian couples. 

Background: Numerous studies have predicted life satisfaction, but life satisfaction prediction based on early maladaptive schemas and lifestyles has been neglected. Aims: The purpose of this study was to predict life satisfaction based on early maladaptive schemas and lifestyle in nurses. Method: The study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study was all nurses of Imam Khomeini and Mostafavi hospitals in Tehran in 1997-98. 150 individuals were selected by convenience sampling method. The tools of the study are: The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-Les-QSF) of Indic et al. (1), the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) and the Milwaukee Lifestyle Questionnaire (2001). The Pearson correlation coefficient was performed step by step. Results: There was a significant positive relationship between life satisfaction and lifestyle (p<0/001) and there was a significant relationship between life satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas (p<0/001). Conclusions: Early maladaptive schemas and lifestyle predicted life satisfaction

Background: Numerous studies have examined psychological factors and the development of Pro-Social Rule Breaking behaviors, but there is a research gap regarding the study of the impact of psychological factors on the development of Pro-Social Rule Breaking behaviors. Aims: To investigate the effect of psychological factors on the development of benevolent law-breaking behaviors. Method: The research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. The statistical population included all the staff of Shiraz Regional Electricity Company in 2019. 150 employees were selected by regular random sampling. Research tools include the Daheling et al.'s (2012) Pro-Social Rule Breaking questionnaire, Wardman et al.'s self-efficacy and optimism questionnaire (2014), and Wardman et al.'s (2014) internal risk and internal control questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation model. Results: The psychological variables of self-efficacy, optimism, risk-taking and internal control have a positive and significant effect on Pro-Social Rule Breaking (P< 0/01). Conclusions: Pro-Social Rule Breaking was predicted based on self-efficacy, optimism, risk-taking, and internal control.

Background: Numerous studies have examined paranoid, schizotypal, social anxiety, and social problem-solving traits, but research that examines the relationship between paranoid and schizotypal traits with social anxiety and social problem-solving among students has been neglected. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between paranoid and schizotypal traits with social anxiety and social problem solving among students. Method: The research method was correlation. In this study 387 students of Payam Noor University of Tabriz were selected by stratified random sampling. Research questionnaires included the Paranoid Scales of Green et al. (2008); Schizotypy Claridge and Brooks (1984); Druzila et al. (2002) problem solving ability; Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression. Results: The results showed a significant negative relationship between schizotypal traits with logical problem solving and paranoid traits with positive orientation and logical problem solving (P< 0/01). Also, paranoid and schizotypal traits had a significant positive relationship with negative orientation, arousal style, avoidant style and social anxiety components (P< 0/01). Concurrent regression results showed that predictors of social anxiety and social problem solving predict 46% and 17% variance of paranoid and schizotypal traits, respectively. Conclusions: Paranoid and schizotypal traits can predict social anxiety.

Background: Numerous studies have examined flourishing. However, research to assess the validity of the flourishing pattern in the indigenous context of Iran and to address the shortcomings of this model, including the lack of tools to measure some of the components and relationships between the components of the model, has been neglected. Aims: The goal was to predict flourishing based on pattern of psychological flourishing on HPMF human. Method: The research was correlational, the primary teachers of Saqqez were statistical society. 614 people randomly were chosen as sample by multi-step in categories and they responded questionnaire of rehabilitation Riff psychological(1995), Luthans psychological capital(2007), Goldberg five factor personality model(1999), private self awarenesn by Charles Carver(1990), Ahwaz stubbornness psychological AHI(1998), Hozhbaryan flourishing HPFS(2014) and two questionnaire of researcher made on environmental-social-cultural conditions and motivation to flourish(p< 0/01). Results: The result showed that between all variables of the model, there's a positive correlation. The result of structural equations model showed that having purpose will directly meaningfully have positive effects on motivation flourishing. Variables of motivation flourishing, background conditions، intermediate conditions will directly affect self management and indirectly affect positive on flourishing (with interference of self management) Variable of self management also directly influences the flourishing meaningfully. Conclusions: Based on current research, applying enough plans in order to increase conclusion, improvement of background conditions and intermediate conditions, promote flourishing motivation and self management are suggested for flourishing teachers.

Background: he experience of divorce affects the psychological well-being of women. Among the treatment approaches that can improve the psychological well-being of divorced women is schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of career couples from satisfaction and marital conflicts. Method: The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test in three groups. The statistical population included all divorced women who referred to counseling and psychological counseling centers in Tehran in the second half of 2019 due to psychological consequences after divorce. In order to select the statistical sample using purposive sampling method, first 45 people were selected and then 15 people were randomly placed in the first experimental group, 15 people in the second experimental group and 15 people in the control group. The research instrument was Reef Psychological Well-Being Scale (1989). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and SPSS22 software. Results: Statistical findings showed that both therapeutic approaches used were effective in increasing participants' psychological well-being (p< 0/05), but the difference between schema therapy and acceptance-commitment therapy at the level of 0.05 was not significant for psychological well-being. Conclusions: Considering the effectiveness of schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on psychological well-being and its subscales, it is suggested that counseling centers and family clinics for divorced women who are exposed to psychological consequences after divorce prioritize these two approaches. Use group counseling and psychotherapy

Background: Following the cognitive-behavioral theory, cognitive constructs such as underlying beliefs have been shown to affect components of information processing, encryption, and other cognitive processes. Thus, academic procrastination is a behavior that can follow cognitive beliefs and constructs such as metacognitive beliefs and motivational beliefs, and can also be influenced by cognitive processes such as learning strategies.
Aims: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting procrastination and its causal mechanisms. This study investigated the structural relationships between students’ metacognitive and motivational beliefs and their procrastination with a focus on the mediating role of learning strategies.
Methods: The correlation method was used to model structural equations. The research population included undergraduate students (n = 27670) of Kerman universities. A total of 400 students were selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling as the respondents based on their responses to the items in the Metacognitive Beliefs about Procrastination Questionnaire (MCPQ; Fernie et al., 2009), Self-Regulation Learning Strategies Scale (Pentrich & De Grout, 1990), Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI; Weinstein & Palmer, 2002, and Academic Procrastination Scale (APS, McCloskey, 2012). The collected data were analyzed through structural equation modeling.
Results: Metacognitive beliefs both directly (β = 0.57, p = 0.0001) and indirectly (β = 0.17, p = 0.009) have a positive and significant effect on academic procrastination through learning strategies. Also, it was found that motivational beliefs have an indirect and significant effect on academic procrastination only indirectly (β = -0.41, p = 0.01) through learning strategies.
Conclusion: Following the cognitive-behavioral theory, it can be argued that metacognitive beliefs and motivational beliefs as underlying beliefs can affect information processing as cognitive processes and lead to various behavioral consequences. Academic procrastination occurs following cognitive beliefs and constructs and can also be influenced by cognitive processes.

Background: Nonsuicidal self injury has become a common and worrying issue among female adolescents. One of the most important factors in the occurrence of self-harming behaviors is negative emotions. Studies have examined the efficacy of limited therapies on borderline personality disorder and the efficacy of narrative-therapy on girls with nonsuicidal self injuiry has been neglected.
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments on emotion regulation in adolescent girls with nonsuicidal self injuiry.
Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with experimental and control group. The statistical population of the present study was all female high school students with nonsuicidal self injury who were referred to Shahid Fahmideh Student Counseling Center in Bonab city from 2015 to 2020. In this study, the available sampling method was used to select the sample, Thirty students with a history of nonsuicidal self injury who had low emotion regulation were selected and were randomly assigned to the experimental group of 15 people and the control group of 15 people.The experimental groups were exposed to 8 sessions of narrative therapy based on the intervention program of White and Epston (1990) and the control group did not receive any intervention.The post-test was performed for groups. Due to the nature of the research, the statistical model used to test the hypotheses of the present study is multivariate analysis of variance.
Results: Narrative therapy with an emphasis on innovative moments had a significant effect on improving emotion regulation (p <0.00).
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments is a suitable intervention method to improve emotion regulation in girls with nonsuicidal self-injury.

Background: Shame and guilt as negative and maladaptive emotions are associated with psychological problems in adolescents, including depression and suicide, social anxiety, bipolar disorder, and low level of self-compassion. However, despite the importance of these emotions in adolescents, there is a research gap in investigating the psychometric properties of a valid scale to measure shame and guilt in Iranian adolescents.
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Guilt and Shame Experience Scale (GSES; Malinakova et al., 2019) in adolescents in Tehran.
Methods: The present research is applied in terms of purpose, survey in terms of type of data collection, and testing in terms of methodology, which was conducted in the form of a correlational research design. The present study sample was 2291 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. The confirmatory factor analysis method was used to determine the construct validity, and the multi-group analytical method was used to test the invariance of the scale concerning gender.
Results: The confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed the existence of two factors of shame and guilt and indicated a good fit of the data in the groups of girls and boys. The multi-group analysis also showed the invariance of path coefficients and residuals in both groups (P> 0.05). The scale’s reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha, MacDonald omega, and composite reliability (α, ω, CR ≥ 0.7). The results indicated that the GSES has an adequate face, content, construct, divergent and discriminant validity. Examination of demographic variables showed an increase in feelings of shame and guilt with age (P< 0.01).
Conclusion: The Persian version of the Shame and Guilt Experience Scale has desirable psychometric properties, and is a simple, brief and reliable tool for assessing the emotions of shame and guilt in Iranian adolescents.

Background: Research background in students with reading disorders shows that central auditory processing disorder has a major role in improving this disorder as well as improving auditory perception in children. However, less research has been done on the role of computers and computer games in the education and rehabilitation of these children.
Aims: The present research was conducted with the goal of examining the efficacy of a computer-assisted rehabilitation program for central auditory processing disorder on auditory perception and dictation of students with reading disorder.
Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all students in the second grade of elementary school who were referred to special centers for learning disabilities in Tehran in the academic year 2016-2017. To select the sample, using the available sampling method, among the children who met the inclusion criteria, 36 students were selected by the available method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The research instruments were Fisher’s Auditory Problems Checklist (1976), Dichotic Digit test (2015), Speech in Noise test (2015), Auditory Perception (Hassanzadeh, 2015) and Dictation tests (Ministry of Education, 2018). In order to analyze the obtained data, the Repeated Measures ANOVA was used.
Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the variables of Auditory Perception and Dictation (p˃ 0.001). The results also demonstrated that not only there existed a significant difference between the two groups, but that the main effect of the time factor was significant for the variables of Auditory Perception and Dictation (p˃ 0.001) and there was a significant difference between the mean scores of Auditory Perception and Dictation variables in the pretest, posttest and follow-up.
Conclusion: Due to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the computer-assisted rehabilitation program for central auditory processing disorder improves auditory perception and spelling problems of students with reading disorders.

Background: Current statistics show that cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy have an effect on controlling emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict.The existence of several studies on the effectiveness of McKay cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy on reducing marital conflicts, the above differences led to the present study to compare the effectiveness of these two therapeutic approaches.
Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of McKay's cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy on controlling emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict in Qom.
Methods: The design of this study is quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test-follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study is all couples with marital conflict who visited Qom's psychological clinic to resolve their issues. 45 of these couples are placed in three groups of schema therapy (15 couple), acceptance and commitment (15couple) and control groups (15 couple) using simple random sampling method.Experimental groups underwent Young schema therapy(Young,closco, vichar,2003), (ten ninety-minute appointment) and McKay's cognitive approach(Mckay,fanting,Patrick,Palg,Kim,2007), (ten ninety-minute appointment). Within this period, there was no schema therapy and McKay's cognitive approach intervention for control group and remained on the waiting list. In this study, the Emotion Control Scale (ACS) questionnaires were used by Williams, Campbell and Ahrens (1997) and Rahim (1983) conflict resolution styles..
Results:The results indicate that McKay cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy have been effective on controlling emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict in Qom. The overall effect was found to be significant and further detailed results and post hoc test showed that there was no difference between the experimental groups and the differences between each experimental group and the control group caused the overall F significance. The effectiveness of these two treatments was significant at this level and then a closer look at the data based on Benfroni post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group, but there was a difference between the two experimental groups. The main effect of the stage (p <0.000 and F= 473.90), the interaction of the group with the stage (P<0.001 and F= 130.84) turned out to be significant. The interaction of the variable with the group, stage (P<0.001 and F= 10.82) and between the groups (P <0.008 and F= 5.91) significant.
Conclusion: Finally, from the analysis of research findings, it can be concluded that by teaching McKay Cognitive Couple Therapy and Schema Therapy, it is possible to improve the control of emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict.

Background: Social anxiety is a disorder with moderate prevalence and has wide social effects on people. Research reveled that methods of cognitive restructuring treatments such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can help people with social anxiety. According to studies, they are very limited in targeting this issue.
Aims: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the efficacy of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on the social and psychological anxiety of speech of teenagers with stuttering.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was designed as a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up and was conducted with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all adolescents aged 13-17 years with stuttering referred to speech therapy centers in September 2021. The research was the Persian test to determine the severity of stuttering (Riley, 2009; Tahmasebi, 2011) and the Wells Social Anxiety Questionnaire (1994). Moreover, Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of the research showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment has created significant changes in the variables of social anxiety and severity of stuttering in the experimental and control groups (significance level 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the designed program based on acceptance and commitment reduces the severity of stuttering and reduces the social anxiety of teenagers who stutter. Therefore, the use of the treatment mentioned by child specialists It is highly recommended for teenagers with stuttering.

Background: Research has shown that many adverse reactions and problems in couples are caused by dysfunctional communication beliefs. However, despite the importance of this concept in identifying the components of dysfunctional communication beliefs of couples, there is a research gap in the study population.
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the dysfunctional communication beliefs of women with conflicting couples.
Methods: The present study was conducted by qualitative method and descriptive phenomenology. The study population consisted of all women with marital conflict in Tehran who had been referred to counseling centers in1400 for their conflict problem, and Sampling was performed by purposive sampling method. Nineteen people were selected and studied through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi seven-step method.
Results: In this study, 4 main themes, and 11 sub-themes. The first main theme is the interpersonal relationship of the couple (emotional relationship, destructive behavior, irrational expectations, differences of opinion and taste, sex and financial issues, and personality factors), and the second main theme is the relationship with the main family (spouse family, behavioral patterns of spouse and family), The third theme was gender issues (dual views on gender maps, gender labels, and gender stereotypes) and the last major theme was legal issues.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, in the fields of interpersonal relationships of couples, relationships with the main family, gender issues, and legal issues, ineffective communication assistants for women were identified.

Background: Recently, years have witnessed an increase of research on socio‐affective factors that can explain individual differences in aggressive tendencies between adolescence. Specifically, anger rumination and early maladaptive schemas have emerged as important factors, which could also constitute important prevention targets. Yet, recent studies have advanced the possibility that the relationship between these variables are mediated by other cognitive-emotional factors that are associated with aggression.
Aims: This study sought to elucidate relationships among early maladaptive schemas, anger rumination and aggression with mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Methods: This study is a correlation study of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of high schools in 2020-2021 in Yasouj city, among which 340 students were selected by multi-stage sampling. The research instruments consisted of Early Young Shortcoming Schematic Form (SQ-SF), Boss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation by Garnefski et al. (2002) and anger rumination scale (ARS). The reliability of the questionnaires was approved using cronbach's alpha coefficient and Evaluation of the proposed model with path analysis was done.
Results: Results revealed expected associations between anger rumination, early maladaptive schemas and aggression, Further, analyses of indirect effects revealed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies have mediating role for relationships between anger rumination and early maladaptive schemas with aggression.
Conclusion: Overall, regarding the role of early maladaptive schemas, anger rumination, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in revealing and maintaining adolescent aggression, these variables can be targeted for reducing aggression.

Background: Hospital staff faces higher levels of stress, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, those with an anxious attachment style, low empathy, and poor cognitive flexibility and emotional self-disclosure experience more difficulty during this period. It is hence necessary to focus on these factors among personnel of hospitals.
Aims: This study aimed to investigate an attention bias modification (ABM) intervention and its effects on anxious attachment style, empathy, cognitive flexibility, and emotional self-disclosure among personnel of army 505 Hospital.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest/follow-up design with test and control groups. The study population consisted of all nurses working in 505 Hospital from September2021 to June2021. 36 of whom were selected as participants through convenience sampling. The participants were asked to complete the Experience in Close Relationship Scale (ECR-S) (Bernnan et al., 1998), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Davis, 1983), the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) (Dennis and Vanderwall, 2010), and the Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale (ESDS) (Snell, 2001). Then the participants were randomly assigned to test and control groups (18 in each group). Participants in the test group attended five sessions of the ABM intervention (2 sessions per week) using the dot-probe task. The participants in both groups were asked to fill out the research questionnaires once again immediately after the end of the intervention and two months later. Data analyzed by mixed analysis of variance.
Results: The results demonstrated that the ABM intervention significantly increased empathy, cognitive flexibility, and positive emotional self-disclosure (p<0.01) and significantly reduced anxious attachment style and negative emotional self-disclosure (p<0.01) in the test group. The same effects were observed in the follow-up stage.
Conclusion: ABM intervention has positive effects on hospital staff. Using this intervention is effective in controlling the style of anxious attachment and emotional self-disclosure, creating empathy and cognitive flexibility.