Background: Numerous studies have been carried out to identify the factors influencing the choice of field of study for ninth grade students. But in the field of qualitative research and the role of childhood in selecting the field of study, there is a vacuum in the context of the country. Aims: The purpose of this study was to Qualitative Study of the Role of Pre-school and Elementary School periods on Field Selection of educational for ninth grade students. Method: This study was a qualitative and data-based theory. The statistical population consisted of The ninth grade students one of the schools in district 2 of Tehran city were academic year1395-96, 16 were selected by theoretical sampling method. The data were collected through semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Data analysis was performed by method of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results: Factors obtained in the pre-school period include pursuing interests and abilities and preparing the environment for the emergence of one's interests and abilities. In the elementary school period, the content factors include individuals’ experiences and relatives’ behavioral reactions, and in the section of the process factors associated with this period, the axial codes were observe and modeling (influence of others) and internalization. Conclusions: In the pre-school period, families and relatives are effective in creating and pursuing one's desires and abilities, during elementary school due to increasing age and more complex cognitive processes, as well as school entry. Factors are becoming more diverse.

Background: Different studies have shown that solution-focused brief therapy and rational-emotional-behavioral therapy have been effective on improving work indices, but the question is that “are trainings based on solution-focused brief therapy and rational-emotive-behavioral therapy effective on meaning of work and, if so, which one is more effective?” Aims: The present research was conducted by the aim of comparing the effectiveness of training based on solution-focused brief therapy and rational-emotive-behavioral therapy on meaning of work among employees of oil Company. Method: The present research was conducted by semi-experimental method in which a pretest-posttest-follow up with control group design was used. The research population included all the headquarters’ staff of the oil pipeline and telecommunication company of the North region of Sari, Iran, in 2017 who were 230 individuals. The sample included 45 individuals who were selected by available sampling method and were assigned into two experiment groups and one control group through random assignment method. The research tool was Work as Meaning of Steger, Dik and Duffy (2012). The first experiment group received training based on solution-focused brief therapy (Abbas Pour, 2014), and the second experiment group received training based on rational-emotional-behavioral therapy (Jahanyan Najaf Abadi, 2010) in eight 2-hour sessions. For analyzing the data, variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Results: Results indicated that, in the end of the therapy and after one-month follow-up, both training interventions were effective on improving meaning of work and its components (positive meaning, meaning-making through work, and higher motivations) in experiment groups. Moreover, there was significant difference between the effective of training based on solution-focused brief therapy and training based on rational- emotive -behavioral therapy, and the latter was more effective on improving meaning of work and its components (p< 0/01). Conclusions: Training based on rational- emotive -behavioral therapy is an appropriate and effective interventional option for improving meaning of work among staff.

Background: There has been some research on the impact of acceptance and commitment therapy on job stress, occupational depression and perception, but there is a research gap on the impact of group counseling on acceptance and commitment therapy on organizational commitment. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy on organizational commitment of staff of Gorgan Islamic Azad University. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the administrative staff (except faculty members) of Islamic Azad University of Gorgan in the academic year of 2017-2018. 24 subjects were randomly selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups Group 12) were replaced. Research tools include the Allen & Meyer (1990) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire and Flexman et al. (1970) acceptance and commitment group therapy counseling sessions. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: Group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy significantly improved the organizational commitment of the experimental group in the post-test phase, and group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy in improving the organizational commitment components of employees (emotional commitment)., Continuous commitment and normative commitment had a positive and significant effect (P< 0/01). Conclusions: Group counseling based on acceptance and commitment improved and enhanced organizational commitment of employees.

Background: Marital infidelity has increased in recent decades. The psychological disorders occur following the non-forgiveness of women who have experienced husbands’ infidelity. Therefore, it is important to address the most effective therapeutic interventions to increase forgiveness in women affected by infidelity. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine comparison of the effectiveness of training based on rational, emotional and behavioral therapy (REBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on forgiveness of women affected by marital infidelity. Method: In this research, quasi experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with control group design was used. From all the women with husbands’ infidelity who referred to two counseling centers and a psychiatric office in Shiraz, 30 women were selected and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (10 each). The two experimental groups received Rational, Emotional and Behavioral therapy (REBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and the control group did not receive any intervention. All participants completed the Forgiveness Questionnaire (FQ) in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Results: The results showed that the two treatments increase forgiveness (p<0/01) and neither is superior to the other (p> 0/05). Conclusions: Therefore It can be concluded that in despite of the difference between content and process of the two approaches of rational-emotional-behavioral therapy (REBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), it seems that elements such as emotional discharge, hope and universal experience which are things that are common to both therapies, are the factors that could have influence on the rise of forgiveness, and therapists can use both treatment approaches equally to increase forgiveness in women affected by infidelity.

Background: Women, after divorce, do not have enough resilience to cope with life's problems and stresses, and literatures show the increase of resilience by acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy, two important treatments in the third wave, but it is not clear which one is more effective. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine comparison of the group therapy based on acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on resilience in divorced women. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population included all divorced women under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and Behzisti Organization (160 individuals) in Eghlid in 2019, 24 of whom selected with available sampling and randomly divided into acceptance and commitment therapy group, dialectical behavior therapy group, and the control group. One experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy intervention (acceptance and commitment training package adapted from Honarparvaran, et al., 2018), (n = 8) and the other group received dialectical behavior therapy intervention (dialectical behavior training package adapted from Hadizadeh et al., 2018), (n = 8) in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. Individuals completed the Resilience Questionnaire of Connor and Davidson (2003) before, after and 2 months after the treatments. Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and simple effects of the group by spss-22 software. Results: The results showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy increase the resilience of divorced women (P<0.05) but there is no significant difference between the two therapies (P>0.05). Also, Benferoni pair comparison indicates the stability of treatment results in the follow-up phase. Conclusions: According to the research findings, and the effectiveness of both approaches, the use of both treatments are auggested to the counseling clinics, specialists in the field of family and individual therapies in order to help these women to deal with difficult life situations.

Background: Women, after divorce, do not have enough self-efficacy to cope with life's problems and stresses, and literatures show the increase of self-efficacy by acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy, two important treatments in the third wave, but it is not clear which one is more effective.
Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine comparison of the group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy on self-efficacy in divorced women.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population included all divorced women in Eghlid in 2019, 24 of whom selected with available sampling and randomly divided into acceptance and commitment therapy group, dialectical behavior therapy group, and the control group. One experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy intervention (n = 8) and the other group received dialectical behavior therapy intervention (n = 8) in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. Individuals completed the self-efficacy Questionnaire of Sherer, & Adams, (1982) before, after and 2 months after the treatments. Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and simple effects of the group by spss-22 software.
Results: The results showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy increase the self-efficacy of divorced women (P<0.05) but there is no significant difference between the two therapies (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that to increase self-efficacy of divorced women both group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy can be used in psychotherapy sessions.