Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious, debilitating but treatable disease. Ruminations and social anxiety are common psychological problems in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The effectiveness of mindfulness training has been proven in various domains, but has been neglected the rumination and social anxiety in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aims: This study was conducted aiming to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training on the rumination in women with  obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. Among women with  obsessive-compulsive disorder referring to the clinics  of the city of Tehran in the first half of the year 2019, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assignes to experimental and control groups. Participants completed Nolen Hoxma and Morrow (1993) Rumination Scale and Connor et al. (2000) Social Anxiety Scale. Mindfulness training sessions (Kabat-Zinn, 2003) were implemented for experimental group in eight 90-minute sessions, but no intervention was provided for the control group. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. Results: Results showed that mindfulness training reduced rumination and social anxiety in the experimental group (p<0/05). Conclusions: Mindfulness training can be used to reduce rumination and social anxiety in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.                                           

Background: Previous studies have explained their growth. However, research that explains the conceptual pattern of self-growth based on Rumi's works has been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to explain the conceptual pattern of self-growth based on Rumi's works. Method: The present study is of qualitative type and method of interpretation theory. The works studied by Rumi in this research were the verses of Masnavi, Divan Shams and the speeches of Fih Ma Ma Fih and verses from Rumi in harmony with the title of the research. Data analysis was performed by thematic analysis. Results: All the developmental concepts presented by Rumi can be summarized in 9 main components, which are: self-discovery, deconstructionism, originality developmental worldview, growth propulsion, and facilities. Growth, social components of growth and procrastination. Conclusions: The path of "self-growth" in Rumi's view is not moving in a direction other than within the person and self-discovery. Full growth must end in self-discovery, and at the most central point in the circle of "self-growth," it must calm down in timelessness and helplessness so that it can be called the conquest of the boom of growth. Humans are in a wide range of growth spans, and only a handful of people, such as prophets, saints, and saints, are fully developed. Of course, the path to growth is the most accessible to mankind, and there is no obstacle other than the obstacles that one creates for oneself.

Background: Studies shows that women who have been unfaithful to their husbands suffer from symptoms of depression and rumination, research has also shown the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depressive symptoms and rumination. therefore according to the research background, there was a research gap in the field of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on rumination and depressive symptoms in women after infidelity.
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on women who experienced symptoms of depression and rumination.
Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and follow-up with a control group in women affected by infidelity. The population of this study was 73 women affected by infidelity in the eastern suburbs of Tehran who referred to the resuscitation group therapy center of the heart and answered the Nolan Hoxma (2003) Ruminant Ruminant Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (1996). Out of 73 participants, 30 participants were selected in two groups of 15 people (control and experimental) who met the criteria for entering the study and were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90-minute Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Finally, after the post-test, the results were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results: Findings showed that after the end of follow-up, the results of the experimental group in both depression and rumination variables were significantly different in post-test and follow-up test, but this difference was not observed between the control group in three stages (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in reducing rumination and depressive symptoms such as unpleasant and repetitive thoughts, inefficiency of current behavior as well as accepting the problem and creating a gap between current thoughts and practice in women affected by infidelity, it can be He did it on more examples and in a society with a different culture.

Background: Recently, years have witnessed an increase of research on socio‐affective factors that can explain individual differences in aggressive tendencies between adolescence. Specifically, anger rumination and early maladaptive schemas have emerged as important factors, which could also constitute important prevention targets. Yet, recent studies have advanced the possibility that the relationship between these variables are mediated by other cognitive-emotional factors that are associated with aggression.
Aims: This study sought to elucidate relationships among early maladaptive schemas, anger rumination and aggression with mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Methods: This study is a correlation study of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of high schools in 2020-2021 in Yasouj city, among which 340 students were selected by multi-stage sampling. The research instruments consisted of Early Young Shortcoming Schematic Form (SQ-SF), Boss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation by Garnefski et al. (2002) and anger rumination scale (ARS). The reliability of the questionnaires was approved using cronbach's alpha coefficient and Evaluation of the proposed model with path analysis was done.
Results: Results revealed expected associations between anger rumination, early maladaptive schemas and aggression, Further, analyses of indirect effects revealed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies have mediating role for relationships between anger rumination and early maladaptive schemas with aggression.
Conclusion: Overall, regarding the role of early maladaptive schemas, anger rumination, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in revealing and maintaining adolescent aggression, these variables can be targeted for reducing aggression.

Background: Research evidence indicates that marital infidelity can have irreparable consequences for couples, and causes rumination and fear of negative evaluation in cheating women. Despite numerous studies on marital infidelity, treatment effective in reducing rumination and fear of negative evaluation of betrayed women has been neglected.
Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy on rumination and fear of negative evaluation of betrayed women.
Methods: The method of the present research was practical in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of method, pre-test-post-test with control group and three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all the betrayed women who needed counseling services in Bandar Abbas city in the second half of 2022. Among all counseling and psychological service centers in Bandar Abbas city, 30 women who had referred to ten centers due to infidelity of their husbands were selected by available sampling method and were randomly replaced in the experimental group and the control group. To collect data, rumination questionnaires (Hoeksma, 1991) and fear of negative evaluation (Lary, 1983) were used. The participants of the experimental group received 12 sessions of cognitive processing therapy according to Resik et al. (2007). The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS-22 software.
Results: The findings of the present study showed that the cognitive processing treatment led to the reduction of rumination and fear of negative evaluation of women in the tested group. (p> 0.01).
Conclusion: Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it can be said that cognitive processing therapy was effective on rumination and fear of negative evaluation of betrayed women, and therefore the awareness of specialists in the fields of psychology, counseling and health about these treatments to reduce rumination and fear of negative evaluation of women

Background: Considering the increase in the number of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and their major problems in the field of sleep quality, rumination and ataxia, it seems that many of these patients lack sufficient knowledge and skills to properly manage such a condition. They do not have any problems.
Aims: The purpose of the research was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on sleep disorder, emotional dyslexia, and rumination in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Methods: It was a semi-experimental research design of pre-test-post-test and follow-up type with control group. In order to select the participants, among the women suffering from irritable bowel syndrome who referred to the government counseling center of Kerman city in 2022, 45 patients were selected based on the entry and exit criteria of the study and were selected in three treatment groups focused on emotion, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and evidence were included. Emotion-focused therapy (Greenberg et al., 1993) was performed during 8 weekly sessions, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (Segal et al., 2002) was performed during 8 weekly sessions, and the control group did not receive any therapy. Questionnaires for sleep disorder (Buysse, 1989), alexia (Bagby et al., 1994) and rumination (Nolen Hoeksima and Morrow, 1991) were completed in three phases: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements and SPSS version 23 software.
Results: The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that emotion-focused therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a significant effect in improving sleep disorder and rumination in the post-test and follow-up phase (P<0.01); However, in the alexithymia variable, only the treatment focused on emotionality had a significant effect (P<0.01).
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that treatment focused on emotion and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness improves sleep disorder, rumination and emotional dyslexia in women with irritable bowel syndrome.

Background: The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the posttraumatic growth has always attracted researchers' attention and considering the importance of using these two methods in the context of Iran, it is important to identify a more efficient treatment to reduce posttraumatic growth.
Aims: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy using Mowlana's parables and anecdotes and acceptance and commitment therapy in distress tolerance and posttraumatic growth in mothers of children with cerebral palsy.
Methods: This applied study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical society included all mothers having children with cerebral palsy visiting the Rehabilitation Center of Nourafshar Cerebral Palsy Hospital and the Rehabilitation Center of Workers in Zafaranieh, Tehran, in 2022. Participants were 48 mothers who were selected using convenience sampling considering inclusion and exclusion criteria and were allocated to two intervention groups and a control group using random replacement. The participants filled the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (developed by Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) in the pretest-posttest and follow-up phases. Data were analyzed using the the repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS 23.
Results: Results suggested that the cognitive-behavioral therapy using Mowlana's parables and anecdotes as well as the acceptance and commitment therapy proved effective in improving posttraumatic growth and its subscales in participants in the post-test and follow-up phases (p< 0.01). On the other hand, the cognitive-behavioral therapy using Mowlana's parables and anecdotes was more effective compared to the acceptance and commitment therapy in increasing posttraumatic growth(p< 0.05).
Conclusion: Results suggest that the content of cognitive behavioral therapy based on Mowlana's works is more effective in promoting posttraumatic growth due to its proximity to the psychological status of mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

 Background: Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a serious mental health condition characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food in a short period, accompanied by feelings of loss of control. Individuals with BED often experience negative emotional states such as self-blame and mental rumination, which can exacerbate their binge-eating behaviors. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment approach that focuses on developing skills to manage emotions, improve interpersonal relationships, and regulate behaviors and in this population has not been studied.
Aims: The aim of the present study was investigate of the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on self-blame and mental rumination of patients with binge-eating disorder.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up design and a control group. The statistical population include all obese and overweight women aged 18 to 45 suffering from overeating in Karaj, who had regular visits to Overeaters Anonymous Association in Karaj between July 2022 and May 2023. A convenience method was used to select the sample (n=40) from among the statistical population, who volunteered to participate in the intervention and met the inclustion criteria. The subjects were assigned equally in two experimental (20 patients) and one wait-list control (20 patients). After the pretest, the subjects of the experimental group received the dialectical behavior therapy intevention in 2-hour weekly sessions for 9 sessions. Then the posttest stage and three months later follow-up was carried out. The tools used in this research were the levels of self-criticism scale (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004), the mental rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema and Maro, 1991) and the overeating questionnaire (Gormali et al., 1982). The data obtained from this research were analyzed using SPSS-27 software using mixed ANOVA.
Results: The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy has a significant effect in reducing self-blame and mental rumination in binge eating patients and this effect has been stable after three months.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this study adds to the evidence supporting Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for treating binge-eating disorder. It shows that DBT reduces self-blame and mental rumination, and these improvements last at least three months. DBT's focus on addressing cognitive distortions and improving emotion regulation skills offers hope for long-term recovery.

Background: Behavioral inhibition and activation systems explain changes in a person's mood and behaviors based on contextual factors, and therefore individual differences in sensitivities lead to differences in processing. In addition, rumination as a sustained response style is closely related to the maintenance of major depressive disorder and is an maladaptive pattern of focusing on negative thoughts and feelings. Considering the impact of depression on emotional, physical, and cognitive dimensions, it can cause problems in attention, memory, and cognitive control in affected people, therefore, more research on cognitive control in depressive disorder is needed.
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the structural model of inhibition and behavioral activation system and cognitive control and flexibility with adolescent depression with the mediating role of rumination.
Methods: This research was fundamental in purpose and a descriptive-correlational study of the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all high school students in Tehran who are studying in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample consisted of 347 Tehran students selected by cluster sampling. To collect data, the Rumination Questionnaire of Nolen et al. (1991), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale of Zigmond and Snaith (1983), the Inhibition and Behavioral Activation System Questionnaire of Carver et al. (1994), and the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ) of Gabrys et al. (2018) were used. To evaluate the proposed model, structural equation modeling and AMOS.24 and SPSS. 27 were used.
Results: The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between behavioral activation system, cognitive control, and flexibility with rumination depression (P< 0.05). The findings indicate that the proposed model is appropriately fit with the data. The results of structural equation modeling showed that in the model, 20% of the variance in rumination drowning is explained by cognitive control flexibility and inhibition and behavioral activation system. Finally, 29% of the variance of depression is explained by cognitive control and flexibility, inhibition, behavioral activation system, and drowning in rumination.
Conclusion: According to these findings, the use of therapeutic interventions that provide the basis for psychological flexibility and cognitive control can help reduce rumination and depressive symptoms.

Background: Rumination is defined as a process of repeated thoughts, the present research claims that metacognition is a set of mental abilities that help to understand phenomena and a person can identify the source of his resentment, and the premise of this research is that the ability to identify situations Self-thinking and understanding the impact of thought processes on behavior, action and reasoning and managing emotions by understanding the source of emotions can reduce rumination. Therefore, the study of rumination in married women regarding the variables of metacognition, emotion regulation and self-differentiation is necessary to improve the quality of life of individuals and of course the society.
Aims: The present study aimed to predict rumination based on meta cognition, emotional regulation and differentiation of self.
Methods: This research is descriptive-correlation study and statistical population was all married women of Tehran. 400 participants were selected by multi stages clustering. To gather data, thought rumination questionnaire of Tropnell (1999), meta cognition scale of Wells (2004), emotional regulation of Gross (2003) and Scowron differentiation of self (1989) were used.
Results: Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multi- variables regression by SPSS 22. Findings showed that rumination is predicted by meta cognition, emotional regulation and differentiation of self so that 29% rumination is explained by three variables (R=0.545). There is negative correlation between rumination and meta cognition (-0.31), rumination and emotional regulation (-0.33), and rumination and differentiation of self (-0.36).
Conclusion: In conclusion, meta cognition, emotional regulation and differentiation of self can explain rumination significantly and may be used in prediction or reduction of rumination.
 

Background: Traffic accidents are considered a major public health problem in many countries. Various studies have implicated psychosocial variables (e.g., Lack of empathy and rumination of anger) in the risk of dangerous driving and traffic accidents. However, whether these variables are related to more basic neurobiological factors, and whether such associations have implications for the modification of psychosocial risk factors in the context of driving, have not been examined in depth. 
Aims: This study was conducted to investigate the role of empathy and anger rumination in predicting risky driving behavior.
Methods: The research method was descriptive of the correlational type, which was conducted using a regression model. The statistical population of this research consisted of all drivers in the city of Shiraz in the year 1403. The sample of the study was 209 drivers from the city of Shiraz, who were selected through convenient sampling.  In this way, after necessary coordination with the urban and intercity transport organization of Shiraz, 209 drivers with at least a secondary education level were selected from among the available volunteer drivers and responded to the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire (MDBQ, Reason et al., 1990), the Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe, & Farrington, 2006), and the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS, Sukhodolsky et al., 2001). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 28 by employing Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.
Results: The results from the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there is no significant relationship between empathy and risky driving behavior (P > 0.05). There is also a positive and significant relationship between the rumination of anger and risky driving behavior (p < 0.05). The results of the multivariate regression showed that rumination of anger explains 5.30% of the variance in risky driving behavior.
Conclusion: Considering these results, anger rumination is a weak predictor of risky driving among drivers. Therefore, other psychological, social, and economic factors should consider the interactions between factors related to risky driving. It is suggested that future studies repeat these findings with objective criteria and by utilizing other influential variables.