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Showing 34 results for Schema Therapy

Ahmad Aghaee, Farhamd Karezahi, Ali Farnam,
Volume 18, Issue 73 (3-2019)
Abstract

Background: research indicated emotional-based couple group therapy and schema group therapy have improved life satisfaction, but whether emotional-based couple group therapy and schema group therapy are effective on this variable and which one is more effective? Aims: The aim of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of group schema therapy and group emotional-based couple therapy on couples’ life satisfaction and maladaptive schemas. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental design containing two experimental groups and one control group. Among couples who referred to counseling centers in the city of Mashhad, 50 couples with marital problems were screened by interview. Then, among them, 24 couples were randomly assigned into the groups. Eight emotional-based couple therapy( Johnson, 2012) sessions and 11 schema therapy( Young, 1999) sessions were held. Data were collected by using Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin satisfaction with life scale  (1984) and Young's maladaptive schemas questionnaire (1991). To analyze the data, SPSS software and  multivariate analysis of covariance were used. Results: The results of the present study showed that schema therapy was effective in the improvement of  life satisfaction and the reduction of maladaptive schemas in couples. Emotional-based couple therapy was also effective in reducing maladaptive schemas and increasing life satisfaction (p<0/001). Conclusions: The results showed the positive effects of schema therapy and couple therapy on couples maladaptive schemas and life satisfaction, and also these two methods were equally effective.

Ali Akbar Nakhee Shamahmood, Ali Arab, Ali Farnam,
Volume 18, Issue 82 (12-2019)
Abstract

Background: Much research has pointed to the effectiveness of individualized schema therapy on early maladaptive schemas of traditional and industrial drug users, but there is a research gap in the methadone treatment group in Birjand. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group schema therapy on early maladaptive schemas of traditional and industrial drug addicts in Birjand city.
Method: Patients were treated at the Omide Farda Addiction Treatment Center. Among the patients present at the center, 45 met the inclusion criteria and were selected based on the available sample and replaced in three groups, Traditional drug users (n = 15), industrial drug users (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). The tools for collecting this data were Yang Short Form (1994) early maladaptive schema questionnaire. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis Experimental groups received 8 sessions of Schema Therapy training from Gholamrezaie and Tehranchi Therapy Scheme (2016) and Tehranchi (2016). Results: The results showed that the effect of group schema therapy on the improvement of early maladaptive schemas was significant (p<0/05). Conclusions: Using group schema therapy can improve the early maladaptive schemas of traditional and industrial methadone drug users. 


Atefeh Heyrat, Molod Vatan Khahan,
Volume 19, Issue 89 (7-2020)
Abstract

Background: Several studies have investigated the effect of communication and schema therapy on couple's fear of intimacy. But there is a research gap on the effectiveness of integrated communication skills training and schema therapy on women's fear of intimacy. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of integrated communication skills and schema therapy on fear of intimacy in women referred to Isfahan clinics. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population was all women referred to counseling clinics in Isfahan in winter of 2018. Thirty subjects were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (n= 15). Research tools are: Dekatner & Telen (1991) Intimacy Fear Questionnaire (FIS) and Taheri Integrated Skills Therapy and Schema Therapy Sessions Taheri (2015). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: Communication Skills and Schema Therapy training had an effect on fear of intimacy in Isfahan clinics (p< 0/05). Conclusions: Fear of intimacy of women referred to Isfahan clinics based on communication skills and schema therapy was improved. 

Zohreh Shafiei, Ilnaz Sajadian, Mohammad Ali Nadi,
Volume 19, Issue 93 (11-2020)
Abstract

Background: Academic vitality, academic self-regulation and Academic engagement are variables which can play a dramatic role in academic achievement of the students; however, does schema therapy help the improvement of academic vitality, academic self-regulation and Academic engagement of the students? Aims: The present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on academic vitality, academic self-regulation and Academic engagement of the students. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up stage design. The statistical population of the present study included the students at the state universities in Tehran in academic year 2017-18. 30 students were selected through purposive sampling method and they were randomly replaced into experimental and control groups (each group of 15). The experimental group received schema therapy intervention during 8 sessions of 90 minutes during two months. Academic vitality questionnaire (Martin and March, 2008), academic self-regulation questionnaire (Savari, Arabzadeh, 2012) and Academic engagement questionnaire (Fredericks, Blumenfeld, Paris, 2004) were used. The data from the study were analyzed through MANCOVA. Results: The results showed that schema therapy has significantly influenced academic vitality, academic self-regulation and Academic engagement of the students (p< 0/001). Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that through employing techniques such as training coping styles, making communication between present problems and schemata, prioritization and specifying most problematic academic behaviors and offering appropriate behavioral methods, schema therapy can be applied as an efficient method to improve academic vitality, academic self-regulation and Academic engagement of the students.

Zainab Masumi Tabar, Karim Afshariniya, Hassan Amiri, Saeedeh Alsadat Hosseini,
Volume 19, Issue 95 (10-2020)
Abstract

Background: Many studies have investigated the efficacy of emotional schema therapy on marital problems of couples and the problems of emotional adjustment and marital satisfaction of couples. But research investigating the efficacy of emotional schema therapy on the problems of emotion regulation and marital satisfaction in maladaptive women of the first decade of life has been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on emotional regulation problems and marital satisfaction of maladaptive women in the first decade of life. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all women with marital maladjustment referred to counseling and psychological services in Andisheh in 2018. Thirty individuals were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of control and experimental (n = 15). Research tools include: Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Ellison, 1998), Ernst J. DQ Disability Questionnaire. Beerless and Daniel P. Sternberg (1977), Graz's Emotion Regulation Disorders Questionnaire (2004), and Lehi et al. (2015, 2019) training package for Emotional Schema Therapy. Data were analyzed using single and multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: Emotional schema therapy increased the mean scores of marital satisfaction in the schema therapy group and increased the mean score of emotional regulation in the schema therapy group (P< 0/001). Conclusions: Emotional schema therapy increased marital satisfaction and emotion regulation and its components in couples.

Hossein Kiaee Rad, Reza Pasha, Parviz Asgari, Behnam Makvandi,
Volume 19, Issue 96 (11-2020)
Abstract

Background: Various studies have shown the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and schema therapy on behaviors related to emotional divorce in women, but the question is that “are cognitive-behavioral therapy and schema therapy effective on extramarital relationships and domestic violence and, if so, which one is more effective?” Aims: The present research was conducted by the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and schema therapy on extramarital relationships and domestic violence in women with emotional divorce. Method: The present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test,post-test and two-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population of this study was 203 women with emotional divorce referred to counseling centers and social emergency centers in 123 Dezful of County in during 2019 year. Sixty of these women were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups of 20 (two experimental groups and one control group). The research tool was Violence against Women Questionnaire (Haj-Yahia, 1999) and the Attitudes Toward Infidelity Scale (Whatley, 2008). cognitive-behavioral therapy (Dattilio, 2009) was performed in 16 sessions, and schema therapy (Young et al, 2003) in 12 sessions over 2 months for two experimental groups. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS-24 software. Results: The results showed that both therapeutic interventions were effective in reducing extramarital relationships and domestic violence in women and this result was stable in the follow-up phase (p <0.01). Also, there was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral family therapy and schema therapy on infidelity and violence against women (p> 0/05). Conclusions: Cognitive-behavioral family therapy and schema therapy are effective interventions to reduce extramarital relationships and domestic violence in women with emotional divorce.

Mandana Shaeban, Mehrangiz Peyvastegar, Zohreh Khosravi,
Volume 20, Issue 100 (7-2021)
Abstract

Background: Psychotherapy for therapists increases emotional development and improves interpersonal skills and empathy, as well as self-awareness in understanding individual problems, conflicts, and values; Accordingly, the main question of the research is whether the native model of schema can affect the performance of therapists. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the localized model of therapeutic design on changing the schemas of therapists. Method: Method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a three-month follow-up, Out of 55 therapists of Ofogh Salamat, Hamraz, Savalan and Ordibehesht Counseling Centers in District 5 of Tehran, 16 therapists were selected using sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (8 people) and witnesses (8 people). Both groups responded to the Young Response Questionnaire (1994) in three stages: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. The experimental group participated in 10 90-minute sessions in the treatment interventions of the localization of the schema therapy protocol (Farell & Shaw, 2018) for the therapists, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures variance of analysis Results: Variation analysis of repeated measurements showed that the two groups were significantly different in reducing other areas of severity and earache (P< 0/05); The results also show that the scores of other areas (cutting and rejection, self-regulation and dysfunction) of the subjects in the experimental group decreased compared to the control group after the intervention, but this decrease was not significant (P< 0/05). Conclusions: The localized model of schema therapy modified schemas in other areas of attention and eloquence; Therefore, it can be expected that the localized model of treatment plan will help the therapist to recognize his unhealthy mentalities.

Sepideh Younesi, Mohammad Hatami, Afshin Salahyan,
Volume 20, Issue 100 (7-2021)
Abstract

Background: According to research, educational stress perception is an effective variable in adolescents' psychological health. Schema therapy, on the other hand, is one of the third-generation therapies and an appropriate method for treatment of psychological disorders in terms of efficiency and cost. Little research, however, has been carried out on the effectiveness of this treatment on adolescents' educational stress perception. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group schemas therapy on reducing students' educational stress perception. But first, the relationship between the disturbing variable of mothers 'parenting styles and students' educational stress perception was examined and controlled. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all 10th grade female high school students in Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. Among these, 300 students were selected by cluster random sampling method, out of whom 30 students were selected based on inclusion criteria and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 i.e. experimental and control. The experimental group received group schema therapy during sixteen one-hour sessions. The research tools were: Badiavi and Gabriel Educational Stress Perception Questionnaire (2015) and Bamrind Parenting Methods Questionnaire (1991). Analysis of variance with SPSS16 software and repeated measures were used to examine the relationship between quantitative variables. Results: In the post-test, there was a significant relationship between the two groups of experimental and control in terms of educational stress perception with the control of parenting styles. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that group schema therapy was effective in reducing students' educational stress perception during the period. Therefore, it can be considered as one of the intervention programs at education-related counseling centers.

Fatemeh Nikpour, Javad Khalatbari, Omid Rezaee, Farhad Jomehri,
Volume 20, Issue 100 (7-2021)
Abstract

Background: Divorce is among the important factors, which can cause the family circle to disintegrate. It has many consequences on the society and can be the origin of numerous social harms. Aims: The purpose of this study was to comparing effectivness of schema therapy and acceptance/commitment therapy on forgiveness among divorced women of Tehran city. Method: This experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and two months follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all the divorced women of Tehran city in year 1397. In this study, 45 divorced women were considered as the sample size in two experimental group’s (each group of 15 women) and control (15 women). The experimental groups underwent schema therapy (12 sessions 90 minutes) and acceptance commitment (12 sessions 90 minutes), but the control group received no training. To collect data Heartland forgiveness scale (HFS) of Thompson and et al (2005). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni). Results: The results showed that both of the schema therapy and acceptance commitment therapy used in this study can significantly improve forgiveness among divorced women. But acceptance/commitment therapy on forgiveness has a greater impact. Results highlight the importance of these interventions for forgiveness among divorced women and providing new perspectives in clinical interventions. Conclusions: So pay attention to the effectiveness of schema therapy and acceptance commitment therapy in counseling and psychotherapy of forgiveness among divorced women has a special significance.

Fatemeh Nikpour, Javad Khalatbari, Omid Rezaei, Farhad Jomehri,
Volume 20, Issue 101 (8-2021)
Abstract

Background: he experience of divorce affects the psychological well-being of women. Among the treatment approaches that can improve the psychological well-being of divorced women is schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of career couples from satisfaction and marital conflicts. Method: The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test in three groups. The statistical population included all divorced women who referred to counseling and psychological counseling centers in Tehran in the second half of 2019 due to psychological consequences after divorce. In order to select the statistical sample using purposive sampling method, first 45 people were selected and then 15 people were randomly placed in the first experimental group, 15 people in the second experimental group and 15 people in the control group. The research instrument was Reef Psychological Well-Being Scale (1989). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and SPSS22 software. Results: Statistical findings showed that both therapeutic approaches used were effective in increasing participants' psychological well-being (p< 0/05), but the difference between schema therapy and acceptance-commitment therapy at the level of 0.05 was not significant for psychological well-being. Conclusions: Considering the effectiveness of schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on psychological well-being and its subscales, it is suggested that counseling centers and family clinics for divorced women who are exposed to psychological consequences after divorce prioritize these two approaches. Use group counseling and psychotherapy

Fatemeh Bahram Abadian, Mina Mojtabaie, Mehrdad Sabet,
Volume 20, Issue 106 (12-2021)
Abstract

Background: Studies have shown that low self-efficacy and poor beliefs in abilities in stressful situations are two causes of substance abuse and relapse of addictive behaviors.
Aims: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy on self-efficacy and Craving for Change in Addicts.
Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a 2-month follow-up period. The target group of this study includs all male addicts who are involved in the material 16 of Gilan province, 45 people It was estimated and selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Group intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy (Peterson, Eifert, Feingold & Davidson, 2012) and schema therapy (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003) were performed in 8 1-hour sessions in the experimental group. The research instruments included Scherer and Maddox (1982) self-efficacy questionnaires and Miller and Tunigan (1996) Readiness for Change and Enthusiasm Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using mixed analysis of variance.
Results: The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy had a highly significant effect on increasing self-efficacy with two-month follow-up (P <0.001). Also, acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy on the Craving to change with Two-month follow-up (P <0.001) had a highly significant effect, but there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and schema therapy on self-efficacy and craving for change in patients undergoing treatment.
Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment therapy, and schema therapy increased self-efficacy and the craving for change in addicts, and were able to move forward the addicted individuals from the stage of determination and readiness to the stage of action and retention.

Zahra Bahadori, Jalil Babapour, Majid Mahmoud Alilou, Parichehr Ahmadi,
Volume 21, Issue 110 (4-2022)
Abstract

Background: growing studies indicates the role of emotional regulation on functional- physical disorders then addressing therapeutic intervention focused on this structure has great importance on the severity of clinical symptoms and negative emotional schemes of the patients.
Aims: The current study aims to determine the efficacy of treatment based on Emotional Schema Therapy of patients with functional neurological symptom disorder.
Methods: A non-congruent multiple baseline experimental single case studies was used as the method of this study. For this purpose, three women with functional neurological symptom disorder referred to the neurologist were selected through structured diagnostic interview and clinical interviews using purposive sampling. Structured clinical interview (SCID-5-RV), demographic characteristics interview, symptoms of somatic symptom disorders’ screening scale (SOMS-7), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS) and EST treatment guide were used as research tools.
Results: Obtained results were addressed suing, visual inspection, Reliable & change index (RCI), improvement percentage formula, significant clinical improvement and operational assessment.
Conclusion: Results obtained from the study indicated that emotional schema therapy with amending emotional structural processes and improvement of non-adaptive strategies of people against emotions leads to decrease in the severity of clinical symptoms and negative emotional schemes in patients with functional neurological symptom disorder.

Abas Bakhshipour, Majid Mahmoud Aliloo, Samad Fahimi,
Volume 21, Issue 112 (7-2022)
Abstract

Background: Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of mental occupation with order, finalization and individual and interpersonal mental control. These traits lead to a loss of flexibility and openness Research background shows that the dominant therapies in the treatment of this disorder have led to a reduction in anxiety and depression rather than symptoms of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. One of the new approaches in explaining and treating personality problems, including OCPD, is the therapeutic schema, which treats personality problems by distinguishing between early maladaptive schemas and coping styles.
Aims: This study assesses the assumption that early maladaptive schema therapy is an effective way to change obsessive–compulsive personality disorder.
Methods: In this study, a single case experimental design of multiple asynchronous baselines with different subjects was used. For this purpose, three patients with OCPD were purposefully selected from the clients of the Psychological Center in 2019-2020. The instruments used in this study were SCID-5-PD (2016), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) (1990), early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (2006), obsessive–compulsive personality disorder questionnaire (OCPDQ) (2004) and individual protocol of Yang’s schema therapy (2003). The effect of conducted interventions was measured with the help of visual inspection, reliable change index (RCT), percentage of improvement formula, significant clinical improvement and operational assessment with one, three and six month fallow ups.
Results: The obtained data showed that the reduction of clinical symptoms and modification of early maladaptive schemas in patients with OCPD are statistically (P <0.05), clinically and operationally significant.
Conclusion: Results indicated that schema therapy with emphasizing on cognitive, experimental and therapeutic relationship techniques can be effective on decreasing schemes dominant in patients with obsessive–compulsive personality disorder.

Maliheh Fadaei Moghadam, Hasan Khoshakhlagh, Hasan Rezaei Jamalooei,
Volume 21, Issue 113 (8-2022)
Abstract

Background: Current statistics show that cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy have an effect on controlling emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict.The existence of several studies on the effectiveness of McKay cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy on reducing marital conflicts, the above differences led to the present study to compare the effectiveness of these two therapeutic approaches.
Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of McKay's cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy on controlling emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict in Qom.
Methods: The design of this study is quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test-follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study is all couples with marital conflict who visited Qom's psychological clinic to resolve their issues. 45 of these couples are placed in three groups of schema therapy (15 couple), acceptance and commitment (15couple) and control groups (15 couple) using simple random sampling method.Experimental groups underwent Young schema therapy(Young,closco, vichar,2003), (ten ninety-minute appointment) and McKay's cognitive approach(Mckay,fanting,Patrick,Palg,Kim,2007), (ten ninety-minute appointment). Within this period, there was no schema therapy and McKay's cognitive approach intervention for control group and remained on the waiting list. In this study, the Emotion Control Scale (ACS) questionnaires were used by Williams, Campbell and Ahrens (1997) and Rahim (1983) conflict resolution styles..
Results:The results indicate that McKay cognitive couple therapy and schema therapy have been effective on controlling emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict in Qom. The overall effect was found to be significant and further detailed results and post hoc test showed that there was no difference between the experimental groups and the differences between each experimental group and the control group caused the overall F significance. The effectiveness of these two treatments was significant at this level and then a closer look at the data based on Benfroni post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group, but there was a difference between the two experimental groups. The main effect of the stage (p <0.000 and F= 473.90), the interaction of the group with the stage (P<0.001 and F= 130.84) turned out to be significant. The interaction of the variable with the group, stage (P<0.001 and F= 10.82) and between the groups (P <0.008 and F= 5.91) significant.
Conclusion: Finally, from the analysis of research findings, it can be concluded that by teaching McKay Cognitive Couple Therapy and Schema Therapy, it is possible to improve the control of emotions and conflict resolution styles in couples with marital conflict.

Zeinab Tavakoli, Ezatollah Ghadampour, Nasrin Bagherim, Zahra Tanha,
Volume 21, Issue 115 (10-2022)
Abstract

Background: Psychological factors play a major role in people's desire for cosmetic surgery and its repetition. Based on this, psychological treatments such as schema therapy and positive therapies can be effective in improving these cognitive, psychological and behavioral roots. A review of the research literature indicates the necessity of conducting studies that compare the two mentioned treatments.
Aims: The present study aimed to the comparison of the efficacy of positivist psychotherapy and schema therapy on cognitive flexibility and physical self-esteem is performed in women seeking cosmetic surgery.
Methods: The present research is quasi-experimental with a Pretest-Posttest design which was performed with a control group. The statistical population was included all women applying for cosmetic surgery who referred to hospitals and clinics of cosmetic surgery in Borujerd in 2020. Among themes, 45 people were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental groups and a control group. Positive psychotherapy was conducted in 14 sessions of 90 minutes and schema therapy in 9 sessions of 90 minutes for two months, and no training was applied to the control group. The present research instruments included cognitive flexibility (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and physical self-esteem (Cash, 2012). The statistical method of this research was the multivariate analysis of covariance and the Bonferroni post hoc test.
Results: The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that Positive psychotherapy and schema therapy improve cognitive flexibility and physical self-esteem in women seeking cosmetic surgery (p< 0.05), and their recovery rate is higher than the control group (p< 0.05).; but the two experimental groups were not significantly different (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that positive psychotherapy and schema therapy improves people's assessment of their physical appearance and increase people's perception of measuring, evaluating, and controlling the environment in women seeking cosmetic surgery.

Maryam Nourizadeh Mirabadi, Marjan Hosseinzadeh Taghvaei, Reza Moloodi, Sheida Sodagar, Maryam Bahrami Hidaji,
Volume 21, Issue 120 (12-2022)
Abstract

Background: Inefficient coping styles and concern about body image are among the components that affect obese people with binge-eating disorders and lead to unhealthy eating behaviors. However, deep psychological interventions that focus on these components have received less attention. Considering that schema therapy is an integrated, deep, and effective treatment, the question of the current research is whether this intervention can affect coping styles and body image concerns in obese people with binge-eating disorders.
Aims: The purpose of the study was the effectiveness of schema therapy on coping styles and body image concerns in obese people with binge eating disorder.
Methods: The design of the current research was semi-experimental with a single-subject structure, including baseline, intervention and follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all obese women suffering from overeating who referred to a slimming clinic in Tehran in 2021-2022. The research sample consisted of eight obese women. The research tools were Young and Rygh's extreme compensation questionnaire (1994), Young and Rygh's avoidance questionnaire (1994), Fairburn’s eating disorder symptoms questionnaire (2008) and semi-structured interview and schema therapy protocol (Simpson, 2018). For data analysis, percentage of non-overlapping data, improvement percentage, valid change index and trend chart were used.
Results: Indicators of improvement percentage, percentage of non-overlapping data, and reliable change index in the avoidance variable for the second, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth participants; In the variable of extreme compensation for the fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth participants and in the variable of physical concerns, all the participants had a significant improvement in the intervention and follow-up stage (they had an RCI higher than 1.96), which indicates The efficacy and stability of schema therapy results.
Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of schema therapy on extreme avoidance and compensation styles and body image concerns, it is suggested to pay attention to the physical components in the treatment of obese people suffering from overeating, to psychological components such as maladaptive schemas and coping styles arising from them.

Bita Salasi, Mohammad Arash Ramezani, Faezeh Jahan,
Volume 22, Issue 121 (3-2023)
Abstract

Background: One of the psychological aspects of substance abuse that has been noticed in recent years is the feeling of shame and Self-criticism. Studies have shown that self-blame and shame can lead a person to addiction and keep him in the cycle of addiction. One of the psychological intervention models in the third treatment of substance abuse is schema therapy, but there is a research gap regarding its efficacy on the feeling of shame and self- criticism in the research community.
Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the efficacy of schema therapy on feelings of shame and Self-criticism in addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.
Methods: The current research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all addiction treatment clinics in the 5th district of Tehran in the years 2021-2022, where the clients were receiving maintenance treatment with methadone. Among the people of the statistical population, 30 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people for testing and control. In the intervention sessions of schema therapy treatment, Young (1999) protocol was used and self- criticism (Gilbert et al., 2004) and shame (Cohen et al., 2011) scales were used to collect data. Analysis of variance repeated measurements, Post hoc Benferoni test and SPSS26 software were used for data analysis.
Results: The findings of this research showed that in the experimental group (schema therapy intervention), the post-test and follow-up scores of self- criticism, shame and their components decreased significantly compared to the pre-test scores (P<0.001). Also, no significant difference was observed in the scores of the mentioned variables between the post-test and follow-up stages, which indicates the continuation of the efficacy of the intervention in the follow-up stage (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that schema therapy by reconstructing and revising the initial negative schemas reduces possible psychological problems such as self- criticism and shame in addicts undergoing maintenance treatment. Therefore, it is recommended to repeat the experiment in other groups and more samples

Batool Heydari, Mohammadbagher Kajbaf, Amir Ghamarani,
Volume 22, Issue 122 (4-2023)
Abstract

Background: Child abuse is a sexual deviation and a mental disorder that is widespread in Afghanistan. The used treatment methods only focus on one of the causes of this disorder, and the need for more integrated treatments is felt.
Aims: The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacy of the combined treatment package of child-desiring disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy on the sexual self-concept of Afghan men.
Methods: The current research design is included in the semi-experimental designs of pre-test-post-test-follow-up with a control group and two experimental groups. The statistical population included all Afghan men with child-desiring disorder, 30 of whom were randomly selected into the integrated treatment group (10 people), the cognitive-behavioral therapy group (10 people), and the control group (10 people). 10 people were placed. The measurement tool in this research was Snell's (1995) multifaceted sexual self-concept questionnaire. The participants in the combined therapy group developed by the researcher (therapy based on acceptance and commitment, therapy based on mindfulness, and schema therapy), received the content of the treatment package for pedantic disorder individually during 20 sessions. Also, the participants in the cognitive-behavioral group received training in this treatment during 8 sessions and individually.
Results: The results of the repeated measure analysis showed that both combined therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy were effective in increasing the positive sexual self-concept scores of the subjects, but the combined therapy of pedantic disorder was more effective (0.05 >P). In addition, only the combined treatment of pedantic disorder was effective in reducing the subjects' negative sexual self-concept scores (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The most important distinguishing feature of the integrated treatment of child-loving disorder compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy was that in the integrated treatment, at the same time as freeing thinking from the constraints of automatic negative habits and accepting these thoughts, the individual's strengths, abilities, and He focused on the real values of the person and examined and treated the root problems of communication and sexual skills. Therefore, the integrated treatment of pedophile disorder should be used to help change incompatible schemas and reduce the symptoms of criminals with pedophile disorder.

Behrooz Ahmadian, Ebrahim Alizadeh Mousavi, Ali Jahangiri,
Volume 22, Issue 128 (11-2023)
Abstract

Background: Confusion in the marital relationship has an important role in the quality of life, on the other hand, the quality of life of couples depends on their communication beliefs. Various studies have investigated the effect of schema therapy on behaviors related to emotional divorce, but the extent of the effect of schema therapy on communication beliefs and the quality of life of couples has been neglected.
Aims: The present study's purpose was to investigate schema therapy efficacy on communication beliefs and the quality of life of couples.
Methods: The present research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population included women with low compatibility referring to counseling centers covered by Tehran's welfare between May and June 2021, in the first stage, 108 people were selected using the available method, and after completing the marital compatibility questionnaire, 30 people with compatibility were selected. They were randomly selected and placed in groups. The experimental group underwent schema therapy in 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The data collection tool was Idelsen and Epstein's Communication Beliefs Questionnaire (1981) and Quality of Life Questionnaire (World Health Organization, 2004). Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software and analysis of covariance.
Results: The findings showed that the average social, physical, psychological, environmental health, and overall health has increased, and it is statistically significant in the schema therapy group compared to the control group. The average score of belief in the destructiveness of opposition, belief in the changeability of the spouse, mind reading, sexual perfectionism, and belief in sexual differences in schema therapy has decreased, and this reduction in the schema therapy group is statistically significant compared to the control group. P<0.05).
Conclusion: Schema therapy leads to improving the quality of life and changing communication beliefs in couples involved in the conflict. Considering the effect of schema therapy on the communication beliefs and quality of life of couples, it is suggested that counseling centers and welfare centers pay attention to this approach to improve the quality of life and change the communication beliefs of couples involved in a conflict.

Maryam Youshizadeh, Farideh Dokaneifard, Mahdi Zare Bahramabadi,
Volume 22, Issue 129 (12-2023)
Abstract

 Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic mental disorder that requires different treatments due to its complex nature. Schema therapy (ST) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) are two treatments that have been studied in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and previous studies have shown them to be effective. However, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of integrating these two methods in comparison with other methods.
Aims: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the ST and the integration of schema therapy with the exposure and response prevention technique (STERP) in treating distress tolerance in women with washing compulsions.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with obsessive-compulsive disorder referred to counseling centers in the north and center of Tehran from the beginning of November to the end of February 2020. Forty-five people were selected by a convenience method based on inclusion criteria. The first intervention group (ST) received 12 sessions, and the second intervention group (STERP) received 14 sessions. The research instrument included the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simmons & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed by mixed-design analysis of variance and Bonferroni test in SPSS-23 software.
Results: The results showed that ST and STERP interventions increased distress tolerance in women with washing compulsions at the end of interventions and follow-up period (P<0.0001), but STERP was more effective in treating distress tolerance compared to the ST.
Conclusion: The results showed that using exposure and response prevention methods integrated with schema therapy for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder allows the them to analyze different dimensions of anxiety-inducing stimuli and provides a more appropriate answer to it.


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