Individuals with emotional problems experience uncontrollable and intensive negative affect. They do not have the ability to manage and regulate their acute emotional experiences. The main aim of the present study was to compare alexithymia and defense mechanisms among patients with Major Depression Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and normal individuals. A total of 160 participants (40 patients with MDD, 40 patients with GAD, 40 patients with OCD, and 40 normal individuals) participated in this study. Following a psychiatric diagnosis of the disorders, participants were asked to complete the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia scale-20 (FTAS-20) and Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40). The normal group also completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and were selected based on Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I). The results demonstrated that there are significant differences between clinical and normal groups in terms of alexithymia and defense mechanisms (p<0.001). Significant differences among clinical groups were also found (p<0.001). The results of the present study could be used in diagnosis and differentiate among these three high prevalent comorbid disorders. The findings could be used in preventive and therapeutical programs for emotional problems.

Background: Despite years of war, veterans still face many physical and psychological problems that can seriously affect the quality of life of veterans. In the meantime, what is the role of spiritual intelligence and the severity of important variables in the lives of veterans. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and hardiness on the level of pain perception with the mediating role of death Anxiety and Positive Thinking. Method: The method of this study was correlation with structural equation method.  From the statistical population of Kerman province, 280 people were randomly selected and evaluated using the available list. The instruments of the research were Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (2008), kobasa (1992), Connor and Davidson (1998), McGill's Pain Perception (2004), Templar’s Death Anxiety Inventory (1998), and Sheer & Carver's Optimism (1985). For data analysis, the path analysis was used in the spss-19 and AMOS software. Results: The results of path analysis showed that after modification of the initial model, the final model had a good fit. In the final model, the ratio of chi-square to relative degrees of freedom or relative chi-square (2.24), goodness of fit index adjusted for 0.92, normalized fit index equal to 0.91 and root mean square error error equal to 05 It was 0. Bootstrap also showed that the mediating role of death anxiety and optimism was significant in the relationship between spiritual intelligence and hardiness with pain perception. Conclusions: spiritual intelligence and hardiness play an important role in decreasing pain perception among veterans by improving optimism and reducing death anxiety

Background: Attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms are the major determinants of psychological problems. Discovering the relationships of these variables has theoretical and clinical importance.      Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas on the relationship between attachment styles and defense mechanisms. Method: Method of the present descriptive study was correlational. A total of 400 students (184 females, 216 males) from University of Tehran participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI; Besharat, 2005, 2011), Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ; Andrews, Singh, & Bond, 1993), and Young Schema Questionnaire-Short form (YSQ-SF; Young & Brown, 1999). Reults: The results demonstrated that secure attachment style had a significant positive association with mature defense style and significant negative association with neurotic and immature defense styles (p<0/001). Insecure attachment styles had significant negative association with mature defense style and significant positive association with neurotic and immature defense styles (p<0/001). There was a negative association between secure attachment style and early maladaptive schemas and positive association between insecure attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas (p<0/001). There was a significant negative association between early maladaptive schemas and mature defense style and significant positive association between early maladaptive schemas and neurotic and immature defense styles (p<0/01). Results also showed that early maladaptive schemas did not play a mediating role on the relationship between attachment styles and defense mechanisms. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas can predict defense styles.                       

Background: One of the issues that should be considered for methadone-treated patients is the quality of sleep in these patients. But the key question is, does the behavioral analysis approach affect the sleep quality of methadone-treated patients? Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of group training on behavioral analysis on improving sleep quality and its components in male patients treated with methadone. Method: The study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow-up and control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients treated with methadone in one of Tehran's drug abuse treatment centers in 2015-2016. 40 patients were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. (20 people) were replaced. The tools are: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (Daniel J. Bayes et al., 1989) and Group Training Protocol on Mutual Behavior Analysis (Attadakht, Jafarian Dehkordi, Bashirpour & Narimani, 2015). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test. Results: Interaction analysis approach had a significant effect on improving sleep quality of patients treated with methadone (P<0/05). Conclusions: Mutation therapy can be used to improve sleep quality of patients treated with methadone. 

Background: Research has shown that positivist psychotherapy leads to marital adjustment and a reduction in the desire for divorce in couples. On the other hand, acceptance and commitment therapy has been effective in reducing issues such as conflict and conflict, adaptation and commitment means having a rich and meaningful life, but there is a research gap in comparing the two approaches.
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of positive couple therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on reducing the desire for divorce in couples.
Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group in. The statistical population included all couples seeking divorce who had referred to Iranshahr family counseling centers in 2020 for couple therapy. 45 couples were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly divided into two groups of 30 experimental and one group of 30 controls. Participants responded to the Roosevelt, Johnson & Moro (1986) Divorce Desire Questionnaire. Couples therapy training - Positive Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000) and therapy based on acceptance and commitment Hayes, Strosahl and Wilson (2012) in 8 sessions of 90 minutes on the experimental groups and after the post-test sessions Done. Finally, after the post-test, the results were analyzed by analysis of covariance.
Results: The results showed that couples therapy, positive therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment were effective in reducing the desire for divorce in couples (P <0.01). Also, positive couple therapy training had a more significant effect than acceptance and commitment therapy (P <0.01).
Conclusion: Considering that both interventions had a strong effect on reducing the desire for divorce, but positive couple therapy was more effective in reducing the desire for divorce and negligence, so the combination of these two methods in couple therapy interventions will probably lead to more effective results.

Background: Psychiatric disorders are a type of illness in which people suffer from emotional problems that affect all aspects of a person's life. Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of third-generation cognitive and behavioral therapies on improving the performance of the mentally ill. Nevertheless, the main question is whether the new therapies, including positive psychology- based skills, affect the self-efficacy and awareness of these patients?
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology skills on self-efficacy, problem solving, and mindfulness in chronically mentally ill patients.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group The statistical population consisted of all chronic male mental patients attending the center overnight in Roozbeh mental patients in Zahedan in 1399Thirty patients were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) Experimental group (positive psychology Quailiam,2003) received eight 90-minute sessions (biweekly). The control group received no intervention. The measurement instruments used in the study were the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Coping with Chesney Problems (2003) and the Mindfulness in Sports Questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed in two sections descriptively and inferentially using tests (multivariate and univariate covariance).
Results: The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the skills training based on Positive Psychology is effective on "self-efficacy in coping with problems" and "mindfulness in exercise" of chronically mentally ill people (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Due to the positive effect of this intervention on self-efficacy in dealing with problems and mindfulness in sports, more extensive research can be done on other groups of chronic mental patients with chronic diseases and its comparison with the results of such studies.

Background: Studies in psychology have shown that having adverse childhood experiences can have irreversible effects on adulthood. On the other hand, failure to satisfy psychological needs has led to the experience of emotional pain, which is not possible except through the deepening of emotional processing and access to trauma-related experiences. So far, no in-depth research has been conducted to understand women's emotional pain affected by a childhood in Iran.
Aims: The purpose of this study was to better understand the emotional pain experienced by women who had adverse childhood experiences.
Methods: The current research was conducted using a qualitative method of phenomenology. The study sample included 10 women from Tehran who had traumatic experiences in their childhood. The sampling method was purposive. We conducted semi-structured interviews with individuals. We implemented the text of the interviews verbatim and analyzed the data by the Colaizzi seven-step method (Morrow et al., 2015).
Results: The participants' responses extracted two main themes: shame and fear. These themes included the following: All participants experienced shame in all four dimensions of trauma (physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect), and the sub-themes included worthlessness, helplessness, incompetence, humiliation, inferiority, fault/guilt, not being lovable, and impurity/dirt. b) Fear: All participants in this study who experienced psychological, physical, sexual, or neglect trauma felt fear; its sub-themes include fear of insecurity, rejection, abandonment, failure to meet needs, loss, fear of trauma, and lack of support.
Conclusion: Based on the study's findings, women, and girls who have experienced one of the forms of trauma (sexual, physical, emotional, or neglect) under the age of 18 experience emotional pain, shame, and fear in adulthood.

 Background: In case of inadequacy and inadequacy of parents, issues and problems occur, including child abuse by them or the people around them; Child abuse is one of the big social problems that includes all societies, both advanced and developing, so that the health and comfort of the injured child is endangered.
Aims: The purpose of this article is to determine the fit of the prediction model of dark personality traits based on childhood traumas with the mediating role of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment styles.
Methods: The current research was of correlational type and according to the objectives, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was also used, based on Klein's formula, 147,400 people were considered. Also, separately from the questionnaires of dark personality traits (Johnson and Webster, 2010), self-regulation by Miller and Brown (1999), adult attachment style of Collins and Reed, (1990), mentalization or reflective performance by Fonagy et al. (2016), trauma Childhood Questionnaire (CTQ) was used by Bernstein, Stein, Newkamp, Walker, Pugh, et al. (2003) to adjust the model. In this research, descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and inferential statistics of correlation, regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of the research show that the direct path of childhood trauma to dark personality traits was not significant, but all the indirect paths were significant, which indicated the confirmation of the mediation of the three variables of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment style (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that experts in the field of psychology focus on educating and supporting mothers to enhance their abilities in shaping secure attachment styles in their children. Clinical psychologists and therapists should particularly emphasize interventions aimed at improving cognitive restructuring and self-regulation for individuals with dark personality traits.