Procrastination refers to the practice of carrying out less urgent tasks or doing pleasurable things in place of more urgent ones, thus putting off impending tasks to a later time. Many studies have addressed the effects of contextual factors and personality traits on procrastination.  The purpose of this study was to predict procrastination based on personality traits with mediating role of self-regulation learning strategies. To do this, 320 students (170 males and 150 females) were selected randomly through multistage cluster sampling among tehran university. The data collection was done through 3 different scales: Solomon & Rathblom procrastination assessment scale-student (PASS), Goldberg Personality scale, and self-regulation learning strategies. These instruments showed appropriate reliability and validity. Path analysis was the major statistical operation run in the study.
The results by path analysis technique showed that the relationship between Personality and procrastination was influenced by self-regulation learning strategies. Neuroticism and extraversion had positive direct and indirect effects on procrastination. In addition, conscientiousness and openness to experience had negative direct and indirect effects on procrastination. Cognitive strategies and meta cognitive strategies had negative effects on procrastination.
In summary, the results showed that self-regulation learning strategies could have a mediator role in the relationship between personality traits and procrastination. This model provides a good pattern for explaining academic procrastination, which parents, teachers and counselors could use for decreasing academic procrastination.

Procrastination refer to do delay doing something until a have time because you do not want to do it, because you are lazy. Many studies have addressed the effect of contextual factors and personality traits on procrastination. The problem statement was that family pattern communication and identity styles can predict academic procrastination  This purpose of the study was to prediction of academic procrastination based on family communication pattern with mediating role of identity styles among students. The present study was done with correlational design specially with path analysis method.Sample included 302 (168 girls & 134 boys) high school students in sector of Mashhad Morghab who were selected via random cluster sampeling method. Tools used in research: Procrastination Assessment Scale-Student (PASS) Solomon & Rothblum(1984), Revised Family Communication Pattern(RFCP) Koerner & Fitzpatrick (2002) and Identity Style Inventory (ISI-6G) Berzonsky (1989). Then data through path analysis were analyzed. The results showed that conversation orientation positively (0.17) and conformity orientation negatively (-0.36) can predict procrastination. In sum,the results showed that family pattern comunication had effect on academic procrastionation through informative identity. In another words informative processing could  explain the mechanism of the effects of family pattern comunication on academic procrastionation.

Background: Although previous researches have examined the direct effects of the personality trait of grit in predicting students' procrastination and engagement, its indirect effects have been less studied.
Aims: The general purpose of this study is to investigate the role of grit that directly or indirectly increases academic engagement and decreases academic procrastination.
Methods: The present study was descriptive and of correlation and structural equations. The statistical population of the study included all non-profit high school male students in Hamadan city in the academic year 1398-99. Based on the two-stage cluster sampling method, 500 students were selected and completed Duckworth and Quinn's (2007) Grit scale, Reeve's (2013) academic engagement scale, Solomon & Rothblum's (1984) academic procrastination, and Elliot, Murayama's, and Pekrun's (2011) achievement goal questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the structural equation statistical method and Spss24 and AMOS-26 software.
Results: The results showed that grit had a positive and significant effect on academic engagement with the mediating role of self-based and task-based development goals (β= 0.05, p<0.01). But grit did not have a negative and significant effect on academic procrastination with the mediating role of self-based and task-based achievement goals (β= 0.06, P= 0.68).
Conclusion: Self-based and task-based competencies can increase behavioral, cognitional, emotional, and agentic engagement in grittier students. But these competencies can't play a significant role in reducing procrastination.

Background: Following the cognitive-behavioral theory, cognitive constructs such as underlying beliefs have been shown to affect components of information processing, encryption, and other cognitive processes. Thus, academic procrastination is a behavior that can follow cognitive beliefs and constructs such as metacognitive beliefs and motivational beliefs, and can also be influenced by cognitive processes such as learning strategies.
Aims: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting procrastination and its causal mechanisms. This study investigated the structural relationships between students’ metacognitive and motivational beliefs and their procrastination with a focus on the mediating role of learning strategies.
Methods: The correlation method was used to model structural equations. The research population included undergraduate students (n = 27670) of Kerman universities. A total of 400 students were selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling as the respondents based on their responses to the items in the Metacognitive Beliefs about Procrastination Questionnaire (MCPQ; Fernie et al., 2009), Self-Regulation Learning Strategies Scale (Pentrich & De Grout, 1990), Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI; Weinstein & Palmer, 2002, and Academic Procrastination Scale (APS, McCloskey, 2012). The collected data were analyzed through structural equation modeling.
Results: Metacognitive beliefs both directly (β = 0.57, p = 0.0001) and indirectly (β = 0.17, p = 0.009) have a positive and significant effect on academic procrastination through learning strategies. Also, it was found that motivational beliefs have an indirect and significant effect on academic procrastination only indirectly (β = -0.41, p = 0.01) through learning strategies.
Conclusion: Following the cognitive-behavioral theory, it can be argued that metacognitive beliefs and motivational beliefs as underlying beliefs can affect information processing as cognitive processes and lead to various behavioral consequences. Academic procrastination occurs following cognitive beliefs and constructs and can also be influenced by cognitive processes.

Background: Numerous studies have shown that self-efficacy and perfectionism are associated with academic procrastination; But research that has developed a model for predicting academic procrastination based on social self-efficacy and perfectionism: the mediating role of the achievement emotions has been overlooked.
Aims: The aim ot this study was to develop a predictive model of Academic procrastination modeling based on social self-efficacy and perfectionism: The mediating role of achievement emotions
Methods: The present study was descriptive and of correlation and structural equations. The statistical population was all Twelfth grade male students in Mashhad in the academic year 2020-21. Out of 1200 people, A total of 290 individuals were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments included the Solomon and Rothblum (1984) Academic Procrastination Questionnaire, the Packran et al. (2007) Emotions Progress Questionnaire, the Kobori Perfectionists (2006) and Self- Efficacy dimensions Questionnaire of Muris. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and path analysis in SPSS-22 & AMOS-24.
Results: The results showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between social self-efficacy, individual standards and positive achievement emotions with academic procrastination (P<0.05). There was also a positive relationship between excessive worry about mistakes and negative progress emotions with academic procrastination (P<0.05). The results of the path analysis indicated that the model fits appropriately, and that social self-efficacy, both directly and achievement emotions (positive & negative); and excessive worry about mistakes, could indirectly academic procrastination through achievement emotions (positive & negative).
Conclusion: social self-efficacy and perfectionism along with other factors, such as achievement emotions play a key role in academic procrastination and the need to pay attention to these factors is essential in prevention programs.

Background: Academic procrastination as an educational problem affects all aspects of the educational system. students with procrastination experience problems in other psychoanalytical aspects. Although the literature of the current research has addressed academic procrastination, influential variables such as academic anxiety and social responsibility have been neglected.
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural equation model of explaining academic procrastination based on the perception of the learning environment and social responsibility with the mediating role of academic anxiety.
Method: The method of the present research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, structural equation modeling (path analysis). The statistical population of the research included all the students of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology in the academic year of 2021-2022, Among them, 350 people were selected by random cluster sampling, and they completed the questionnaires of academic procrastination (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984), academic achievement anxiety (Alpert & Haber, 1960), perception of the learning environment (Roff et al., 2001) and responsibility (Kordlow, 2014). Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation methods, structural equation modeling and with the help of SPSS-19 and AMOS-20 software.
Results: The results showed that the variables of perception of the learning environment (-0.35 and -0.21), and responsibility (0.22 and -0.13) had direct and significant effects on academic procrastination and academic anxiety, respectively (P<0.05). Also, academic anxiety (0.27) had a direct and significant effect on academic procrastination (P<0.01). The results also showed that the two variables of perception of the learning environment (-0.13) and responsibility (-0.12) had an indirect and significant effect on academic procrastination.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, all three variables of academic anxiety, perception of learning environment, and responsibility had significant direct and indirect effects on academic procrastination. This model showed that it can be a suitable model for reducing academic procrastination and academic anxiety and strengthening the learning environment and responsibility of students. Also, conductiing the more studies with larger sample size could be helpful.

Background: One of the most common problems at different levels of education, especially during adolescence, is academic procrastination. Procrastination is one of the most important causes of students' failure to learn and achieve academic progress. Educational interventions based on choice theory and Transactional Analysis are two different types of interventions that emphasize on internal and interpersonal factors, respectively, and there is a comparison of their effectiveness on academic procrastination of girl's students in the research.
Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of education based on choice theory and transactional analysis on academic procrastination of girl's students.
Method: The method of the current research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade girl's students of Kuhdasht city in the academic year of 2018-2019, 45 of whom were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method, and they were randomly replaced in three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups: Choice Theory and Transactional Analysis and a control group). In order to collect data, the academic procrastination assessment scale - student version (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984) was used. Also, educational programs based on choice theory (Nikbakht et al., 2014; Glasser, 1999) and based on transactional analysis (Stewart & Joines, 2009) were implemented in eight sessions on the first and second experimental groups, respectively. Also, the research data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements using SPSS-23 software.
Results: The findings showed that both education based on choice theory and transactional analysis (with effect sizes of 0.870 and 0.721, respectively) had a significant and stable effect on the academic procrastination of ninth grade girl's students (P≥0.001). Also, the results of the comparison of interventions in Benferroni's post hoc test also showed that the effectiveness of education based on the choice theory on reducing academic procrastination was greater than the interaction analysis (P≥ 0.001).
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it seems that the educational interventions based on the choice theory and transactional analysis were effective in reducing the academic procrastination of girl's students, But the education program based on the choice theory is more effective because of increasing academic self-confidence and improving students' metacognitive skills, for this reason, it is suggested that school counselors use this educational method more to reduce students' academic procrastination.