Externalizing behaviour disorders in childhood, cause many psychological problems for parents. Oppositional defiant disorder one of the childhood disorders that cause psychological problems in the parent's and management of children's behavior creates problems, to the so purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of behavior parent training methods to mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder on reducing depression these mothers. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. To do so, 30 mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder were selected using at-hand sampling and divided into control and experimental groups. Both groups filled out CSI-4 scale and beck inventory depression. In the next step, the experimental group was instructed behavior parent training in 9 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in control group went on their normal procedures. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis was used for analyzing data. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that instructing behavior modification methods improved depression scores in mothers (P<0/05) in comparison with the control group. The results totally showed that behavioral training to mothers improves their psychological disturbance in mothers with behavioral disorders.

Chronic pain is a debilitating status which has undesirable impacts on life quality. Depression and pain intensity are from the important determinatives of life quality that emotion dysregulation is one of the factors which initiate these problems. Thus, the present study was carried out to examine the mediating role of depression and pain intensity on the relationship between strategies of emotion regulation and quality of life. method of present study was correlation. One hundred twenty patients with chronic pain that participated through convenience sampling completed the short form of quality of life, emotion regulation, Multidimensional pain questionnaires and Beck depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Baron and Kenny Method. Results showed that strategies of emotion regulation, depression and pain intensity had significant association with quality of life (p<0.001). Depression and pain intensity don’t play a mediating role on the relationship between strategies of emotion regulation and QOL in the present study. In general, our findings indicate that strategies of emotion regulation, depression and pain intensity should be the core of clinical focus in improving QOL for patients suffering from chronic pain.

Impulsiveness, the individual's tendency to respond quickly to a given stimulus without reflectivity and evaluation of the consequences, is considered as a determinant component of several psychiatric disorders. Dimensions of impulsiveness including nonplanning, motor impulsiveness, and cognitive impulsiveness could influence different aspects of depression and anxiety disorders. The main aim of the present study was to compare impulsiveness in patients with major depression, anxiety disorders, and normal individuals. This study demonstrates the differences of impulsivity among the three groups. A total of 224 individuals (87 depressed, 64 anxious, 73 normal) participated in this study, voluntarily. Following a psychiatric diagnosis of the psychological disorders, both the patient and normal groups were asked to complete the Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Method of the present descriptive study was causal-comparative. Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, and MANOVA. The results revealed that depressed patients reported significantly higher levels of motor impulsiveness and nonplanning than did anxious patients and normal individuals (p<0.001). Anxious patients reported higher levels of cognitive impulsiveness than did depressed patients as well as higher levels of cognitive impulsiveness and nonplanning than did normal individuals (p<0.001). Normal individuals reported lower levels of impulsiveness than did the two groups of depressed and anxious patients. It can be concluded that comparison of dimensions of impulsiveness in patients and normal individuals provides evidence of the possible impact of pathological impulsivity on the development and/or continuity of depression and anxiety disorders. The difference between levels and dimensions of impulsiveness of the two groups of depressed and anxious patients also could explain their differences in terms of the kind of psychological disorders.

Major depression is one of the most prevalent disorders. In previous studies, cognitive, emotional, and metacognitive variables have been studied separately. The main problem of the present study is a comprehensive investigation of the differences between cognitive, emotional, and metacognitive variables in patients suffering from depression and normal peoples. The current study aimed to compare dysfunctional beliefs, emotional schemas and metacognitive beliefs in patients suffering from major depression and normal peoples. The sample (20 normal peoples and 20 patients) was selected conveniently from the statistical population which consisted of all the normal peoples and the major depressive  patients attending private psychotherapy clinics of the city of Urmia.The data were collected using Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS) and Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ). The results indicated that there was a significant difference (P=0/001) between the two groups in terms of the three variables of the study. The findings highlight the importance of paying more attention to these variables in psychotherapy process of the major depressive patients.

In recent years, the widespread of MS in Iran has increased to a point that it can be enumerated as a country with high prevalence. Although MS is known as a biological disease, its mental symptoms can affect many aspects of everyday life. Therefore applying psychological interventions to adjust and improve the restrictions imposed into the lives of patients, is essential. This study evaluates the efficacy of therapy sessions using” The Self-review Technique” in reduction of depression, anxiety and stress on patients with MS in a semi-experimental design with control and experimental group and consists of pre and post testing. 26 members of MS society of Iran were selected through convenience sampling and were divided into control and experimental groups by accident. After responding to DASS21, experimental group received therapy sessions based on “Self-review Technique” for about 3-4 weeks. Every week consists of one therapy session with the duration of sixty to ninety minutes. Control group did not receive cognitive therapy. The results show that this approach has decreased depression significantly (0.044) and did not made meaningful changes on anxiety and stress.

Evident Externalizing behaviour disorders and subtle internalizing behaviours in childhood, risk of poor results in academic and social domain in the next life; to the so The identification of these behavioural problems is very important, to the so purpose of the current study was to comparison externalizing behavior problems (aggression and rule breaking behaviors) and depression to children with specific learning disorders associated with defects in Reading. The research method was causal-comparative study. To do so, 140 children with specific learning disorders associated with defects in Reading and normal children were selected using at-hand sampling. Both groups filled out child behavior checklist (1991) scale. Independent sampling t test was used for analyzing data. The findings of the study indicated a significant difference (P<0.05) in aggressive and rule breaking behaviors in students with reading learning disorder compared to normal students. This means that students with learning disabilities show more aggressive behavior and rule breaking behavior in comparison with normal children students. On other hand the results showed that children with learning disability have high depression symptoms comparing with normal children (P<0/05). Therefore, it seems that students with learning disability in reading compared with normal students experience more behavioral and emotional problems as well as higher also report with this children.

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and factors such as genetic, environmental and psychological factors play an important role in the maintenance of emotional and mood problems Caused by the disease. There are many variables which relate to this issue and influence on it. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the relationship between neuroticism, illness perception, social support and Cognitive Emotion Regulation with depression among patient of asthma to answer this question, are these psychological variables able to predict meaningfully the depression of these patients. The research method is descriptive in multi-variable correlational design (step by step regression)., to do so 120 patient with asthma were selected using at-hand sampling and were studied; they completed the perception social support questionnaires (1988), Beck depression inventory (1996), Cognitive Emotion Regulation inventory (2001), Illness perception (2006), Big five personality trait scale (1986). Depression had a significant and positive relationship with illness perception (P<0/001), negative cognitive emotion Regulation (P<0/001) and neuroticism (P<0/001). Positive emotional regulation had a negative relationship with depression (P<0/05). Based on the results illness perception, could predict 37 percent of depression in patient with asthma. So it seems that a high level of awareness and understanding of the disease have been effective in increasing symptoms of depression.

According to the Cloninger’s biosocial model of personality, there is a relationship between neurotransmitters and different aspects of personality. The previous studies have shown that antidepressant medications affect these neurotransmitters, and subsequently lead to some variations in the temperamental aspects of personality, particularly the aspects that underlie depression. Given that different drugs have dissimilar impacts on the neurotransmitters, their effect on the corresponding aspects of personality is not the same. The aim of this study is providing a comparative analysis of the personality dimensions of female individuals with depression, who were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) medications based on the Cloninger’s model of personality. The collected data from 86 women in accordance with the Temperament and Character Inventory revised version (TCI-R) were analyzed in two matched groups by multivariate analysis of variance method. The patients under the SSRI medications exhibited higher harm avoidance (P<0.05), while the TCA group demonstrated higher reward dependence (P<0.05). It is worth stressing that high scores in harm avoidance significantly affect the occurrence and recurrence of the depressive disorder, and reward dependence is highly related to the severity of the state of depression. Consequently, it can be concluded that the patients under TCA medications were in a better state in the personality traits associated with depression.

Bachground: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Due to symptoms can lead to problems in the interpersonal relationships of the affected individuals, which can aggravate or relapse the disease. Therfore, Functional Analytic with emphasis on intimacy and interpersonsl problems, can improve symptoms and prevent recurrence of the disease. Aim: Therefore, The purpose of this study was the efficacy of functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) on Improving Depression and communication skill Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-and-post design with control group. Therefore, 24 subjects were selected via accessible sampling from the clientele and divided into two groups. The tools used in this research were: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI,1996) and communication skill Questionnaire(CSQ,1983). Results: the results of covariance analysis indicated that the effect of experimental group had a significant effect on depression and  communication skills (sig 0.01). Conclusions: this suggests that  Functional Analytic Psychotherapy could reduce the depression and in communication skills in patient with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder.

Background: The identification of positive family and personality factors affecting the reduction of negative outcomes in adolescent girls is important. Aims: This study aimed to study the family function and positive youth development to predict depression in adolescents. Method: The present study was a correlational-descriptive design. The statistical population consisted of all secondary school female students (second period) in the city of Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. So, 293 girl adolescents that were selected from 18^th district of education regions by method was multi-stage cluster. According to the sample loss, 293 individuals were included in this study. To collect data, Geldhof et al.’s Positive Youth Development Scale(2014), the  Epstein et al.’s Family Assessment Device(1983), and Kovacs and Beck’s Child Depression Inventory(1977) were used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS24. Results: The results revealed that competence, confidence, and connection respectively played significant roles in predicting depression (p= 0/001), and totally explained 39% of the variance of depression. The components of family function including role, problem solving, and emotional expression respectively had significant roles in predicting depression (p= 0/001), and totally explained 25% of the variance of depression. Conclusions: Overall, the results indicated the importance of family function with emphasis on the components of positive youth development including competence, confidence, and connection in adolescent depression. 

Background:  The tendency to avoid negative emotions may occur in any psychological treatment process. In this regard, Robert Leahy reviewed this topic by presenting the model of emotional schemas. He believes that excitement is some sort of information. Excitements arise from the parallel processing of various information and most of them occur outside the scope of consciousness. In this regard,Robert Leahy tries to overcome this disadvantage by offering a therapeutic model based on emotional schemas. The present research question is what difference is between emotional schemas of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression and normal people? Aims: The main purpose of the present research was comparing  emotional schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression and normal people. Method: The method of this research was descriptive.The statistical population of the study consisted of all individuals with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and normal people. Using available sampling method, 90 people(30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder,30 with depression and 30 of ordinary people)as sample size.In this study,questionnaires Leahy Emotional Schemas  LESS(Leahy, 2002) and Structured Interview were used. Results: The statistical model used was multivariate analysis of variance and the findings showed that "obsessive rumination", "being uncontrollable" and "higher values" had significance level a:0.01, and in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have been high. also "guilty" and "blame" had significance level a:0.01 ,and in depressed people it was higher than people with Obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people. Conclusions: This means that the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had more emotional schemes than other groups. 

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the disabling disorders associated with extensive personal and social costs. This disorder has a significant comorbidity with depression and anxiety disorders, and many of these patients do not respond to psychotherapy and medication. Thus can we develop a new and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to improve obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS) on obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in patients with OCD. Method: Thirty OCD patients (15 patients in the experimental group and 15 patients in the placebo group) were selected by convenience sampling. In the intervention step, the experimental group received c-tDCS for 10 sessions (2 sessions per week, 20 minutes each session with 2 mA intensity) and the placebo subjects received the sham-tDCS. Subjects in both groups were evaluated using the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale(Goodman, 1989), the Hamilton anxiety rating scale(1959), and the Beck depression inventory(1978) in the first and tenth sessions. Results: The results of this study showed that the use of c-tDCS in orbitofrontal cortex and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in O2 region resulted in significant reduction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p<0/001), anxiety (p<0/003), and depression (p<0/004) in OCD patients. Conclusions: tDCS is an effective non-invasive technique for the improvement of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, and depression in OCD patients. 

Background: research showed having a child with autism disorder can have adverse effects on mother’s psychological condition, but can be compare them with those who have normal children. Aims: The present study aimed to compare cognitive (executive functions, mindfulness ability) and psychological (depression, anxiety, stress) functions between mothers with autistic child and mothers with normal child. Method: The present study was a causal-comparative study. Two groups involving 30 mothers with autistic children and 30 mothers with normal children were selected. Thirty mothers with autistic children were selected among the mothers of autistic children who referred to rehabilitation centers and autism center of the city of Tabriz for rehabilitation interventions for their children in autumn and winter 2018. Two groups completed Barkley (1997) deficits in executive functioning scale, Beer, Ward, & Moar (2013) Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills, and Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) 42-item depression anxiety and stress scales. Results: Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the levels of deficits in executive functioning (p=0/007) as well as depression, anxiety, and stress (p=0/001) in mothers with autistic children were significantly higher than mothers with normal children. The mindfulness level in mothers with autistic children was significantly lower than mothers with normal children (p=0/012). Conclusions: the mothers of autistic children indicated more depression, anxiety, stress but lower mindfulness comparing with other group of mothers. 

Background: Chronic pain is a pervasive phenomenon that negatively affects many aspects of an individual’s life, research has refer to acceptance and commitment therapy and physiotherapy, but the  main issue of this study is what treatment is more effective for chronic pain Aims: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and physiotherapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with chronic pain. Method: The research was a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The study sample included 75 patients with chronic pain. Among them, 50 patients were selected and placed randomly into acceptance and commitment therapy(Wales and Sorrell, 2012) and control groups. Also, 25 subjects were selected through convenience sampling for the physiotherapy group. Participants completed Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) depression, anxiety, and stress scales in pre-test and post-test. Results: There was significant difference between ACT and physiotherapy and control group on the scores of anxiety, depression, and stress (p<0/001), but there was no significant difference between physiotherapy and control group on the scores of anxiety, depression, and stress (p> 0/05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that ACT is an effective intervention to improve anxiety, depression, and stress in  patients with chronic pain, but physiotherapy cannot reduce anxiety, depression, and stress resulted from chronic pain. 

Background: Cancer disease causes children with psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression to reduce their need for appropriate psychological treatments such as child-centered mindfulness treatment for depression and anxiety. Aims: Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate child-centered mindfulness therapy on the depression and anxiety after drug therapy in the children with cancer. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up design. The statistical population of the present study included all the children with cancer in 2018 in the city of Isfahan who referred to Omid therapy center and received drug therapy. The sample size was 30 children with cancer who were selected through convenient sampling method and randomly replaced into experimental and control group. The experimental group received 60-minute therapeutic interventions related to child-centered mindfulness (Burdic, 2017). during two-an-a-half months once a week. The applied instruments included child depression questionnaire (Quax, 1992) and children anxiety multi-dimensional scale (March, et.al, 1997). The data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics and repeated measurement ANOVA. Results: The results showed that child-centered mindfulness therapy has significantly influenced the depression and anxiety after drug therapy of the children with cancer (p<0/001) in a way that this treatment was able to decrease depression and anxiety of the children with cancer. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that mindfulness therapy can be used as an efficient treatment to decrease the children’s depression and anxiety in the children with cancer through employing techniques such as thoughts, emotions and mindful behavior. 

Background: Depressed patients show deficiencies in dissociative experiences and components of executive functions such as attention and planning, information processing speed, selective attention and consciousness, avoidance and inhibition. Accordingly, the research question is whether emotion regulation and experiential avoidance explain the effect of pathogenic personality traits on dissociative experiences? Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the mediating roles of emotion regulation and experiential avoidance in the relationship between pathological personality traits and dissociative experiences in depressed people. Method: This study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all depressed people with a history of suicide referring to psychological and psychiatric clinics of the city of Kerman in 2018. 378 subjects were selected by purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of Kruger et al. (2012) Pathological Personality Traits Questionnaire based on DSM5, Gratz & Roemer (2004) Emotion Regulation Difficulties Scale, Gámez & et.al (2011) Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, Bernstein & Putnam (1986) Dissociative Experiences Scale, Beck (1979) Suicidal Thoughts Scale, and Beck (1996) Depression Questionnaire-second edition. Results: The results showed that direct and indirect effects of the pathological personality traits on dissociative experiences were significant (p<0/01, p<0/05).  Conclusions: Pathogenic personality traits, emotion regulation, and empirical avoidance are important in describing dissociative experiences. Also, emotion regulation and empirical avoidance, as mediating variables, explain the relationship between personality traits and dissociative experiences.

Background: One of the problems that female teachers experience is the conflict between work and family and vulnerability to emotional problems and depression is one of the consequences of this conflict. But can emotional therapy be effective in treating this depression? Aims: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on reducing depression in female teachers. Method: The design of this study is quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. Data gathering tool is Beck Depression Inventory. The statistical population of the study was all female high school teachers in Qazvin in 1396. The sample consisted of 30 female teachers employed in secondary school, who were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 10 treatment sessions based on a researcher-made protocol (1397). Depression questionnaire scores were compared before and after the intervention in both experimental and control groups using analysis of covariance.groups. Results: The results of covariance analysis showed a significant difference in the depression score between the experimental and control groups and the effectiveness of emotionally-focused therapy on depression in female teachers. (p<0/001). Conclusions: Based on this, it can be said that the current treatment protocol is effective and can be used to reduce depression in female teachers.

Background: Family functioning and attachment styles are important variables in children's behavioral problems. But the key question is, can internalization behavioral problems in students be predicted based on attachment styles and family functioning? Aims: To predict internalizing behavioral problems based on attachment styles and family functioning in elementary school students in Tehran. Method: This was a correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all elementary school students in Tehran in 1396-97 with their families, 341 (175 girls and 166 boys) using multistage cluster random sampling. Samples were selected. The tools included: of the Family Assessment Questionnaire (Epstein, Baldwin & Bishab, 1983), Child Behavior Inventory (Achenbach, 1) and Attachment Style Questionnaire (Collins & Reed, 2). Analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and structural equations. Results: The results showed that family functioning directly and indirectly through attachment style predicts internalizing behavioral problems, and all three types of attachment styles are able to predict internalizing behavioral problems and attachment variable Safe has a negative impact on internalized behavioral problems (P≤0/05). Conclusions: Safe attachment and effective family functioning with empathetic behaviors and appropriate emotional involvement, protective care and positive parenting can be used to prevent internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depression

Background: Symptoms of depression decrease the quality of life and make people susceptible to depressive disorders. But the main question of the present study is whether the difficulty of emotion regulation plays a mediating role in this regard? Aims: To determine the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulty in the relationship between early maladaptive psychosis and depressive symptoms. Method: This study was a correlational study. For this purpose, 300 students (158 females, 142 males) were selected through convenience sampling from Tehran University students. The instruments were: Young's Psychosis Questionnaire (Young, 1998), Depression Scale, Anxiety, Stress (Lovebound & Lovebird, 1995) and Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale (Gertz & Romer, 2004). Path analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant positive relationship between early maladaptive psychosis, emotion regulation difficulty, and depressive symptoms (p<0/01). There were early maladaptations and symptoms of depression (p<0/05). Conclusions: Early maladaptive psychosis affects the symptoms of depression through the difficulty of emotion regulation. Therefore, in order to prevent the development of depressive symptoms, in addition to reducing the negative features of early maladaptive psychoses, it is necessary to provide backgrounds for the regeneration of emotional regulation processes in order to increase mental health