Terror management theory (greenberg, solomon, pyszczinski, 1986) claims that the reason for which one tries to attain and preserve positive self-evaluation is self-esteem. This self-esteem acts as a buffer against existential death anxiety. This approach considers human activities as a defense against existential anxiety and it is obvious in its explanation of self-esteem. The present researh examined the effects of mortality salience (MS: rosenblatt et al., 1989) on self-esteem. A sample of 64 male students of university of Tehran were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. The experimental group answered the question about MS topic and the control group answered two questions about non mortality salience topic (Pyszczcynsli et al. 1999). Then both groups filled out Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Results revealed that the self-esteem of experimental group was not significantly different from the control group (P= 0.05). Results are discussed based on the role of cultural and personality structure of participants.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of management behavior training methods to mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, on decreasing stress and mental health problems of these mothers. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. 24 mothers of children with ADHD were selected using at-hand sampling and divided into control and experimental groups. Both groups filled out connors questioners, parenting stress index and mental health questioners. In the next step, the experimental group was instructed management behavior training in 9 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in control group went on their normal procedures. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis was used for analyzing data. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that instructing behavior modification methods decreased mental health problems and parenting stress (P<0/05) among mothers in experimental group, in comparison with the control group. The results totally showed that behavioral training to mothers improves their mental health and prevents rising psychological disturbance and also emotional problems in mothers of children with ADHD.

Journalism has always been known as a profession associated with a high level of stress. High involvement and preoccupation with work can be a cause of stress that poses negative results for both individuals and organizations. In this regard, LEARN stress management program as a complete intervention can prevent journalists from workaholism. So, the current study aimed to determine the effectiveness of multifaceted stress management training on workaholism in journalists with job stress. Research design was quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest design with control group). The sample consisted of 30 volunteer stressful journalists in Fars news agency of Tehran city who randomly were assigned into two groups of experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The sessions were conducted for 18 weekly sessions of 90 minutes and the subjects responded to Work Addiction Risk Test questionnaire (WART). The results showed that Loren's multifaceted stress management training program significantly affects the workaholism (p<0.01). Also, there is a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the scores of self-efficacy, compulsive tendencies, weak inhinbition and communication/self-absorption (p<0.01).
Therefore, multifaceted stress management training program increasing assertiveness to reject out-of-power job demand, the correction of false beliefs, cognitions and feedback, more sense of mastery on the environment, and finding social support can improve above characteristics.

Journalism has always been considered as a profession associated with a high level of stress that can be accompanied with negative results for both individuals and organizations. Proper management of stress experienced by a person in the work environment is known as a kind of psychological ability which is essential for mental health. In addition, the spiritual well-being can also be affected by this ability. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of multifaceted stress management training on spiritual well-being in journalists with job stress. The study design was quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest design with control group). The sample consisted of 30 volunteer stressful journalists in Fars news agency of Tehran city who randomly were assigned into two groups of experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). The sessions were conducted for 18 weekly sessions of 90 minutes and the subjects responded to Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB).  The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of variance and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that Loren's multifaceted stress management training program significantly affects spiritual well-being (p<0.01). There is also a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in self-efficacy and live map scores (P<0.01). Therefore, the multifaceted stress management training program focusing on increasing the sense of individual control over situations and changing lifestyles, ceraintly about one's abilities, increasing the cognitive, emotional, social and behavioral abilities to achieve different goals,m and reviewing the knowledge and feedback, the ability to mange time and the importance of nutrition, sleep, and exercise with balancing in work can improve the above mentioned characteristics.  

Test anxiety is a major problem in dyslexic students, which can lead to problems in mental health and their academic failure. Considering the high prevalence of test anxiety in dyslexic students and also the fact that most stress and anxiety tests are due to lack of coping skills and lack of time management, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of time management training on stress reduction and test anxiety of these students. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the experimental and control group. The statistical population of this study include all male students aged 5 and 6 with dyslexia in public schools of Rasht in the academic year of 2015-2016. 30 of them were selected according to the conditions of entry into the research and convenient method and assigned in two experimental and control groups randomly. To collect data in this study, the test anxiety questionnaire (Abolghasemi, Asadi, Najjarian, Shokrzekan, 1996) and Perceived Stress Questionnaire (Cohen et al., 1983) were used. The time management training program was taught to the experimental group during 8 sessions, while the control group did not receive training in this area. Analysis of data using covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the level of modification in stress and test anxiety in the post-test stage between two groups (p<0.0001); this means that time management training has been able to reduce the level of stress and test anxiety of dyslexic students. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that when dyslexic students can manage their time correctly, they can actually have proper planning for themselves in the education process and thus, their academic self-efficacy increases and their stress and anxiety are reduced.

Physical disabilities in childhood have a lot of negative psychological effects on the parents and their adaptation process with their disabling children is limited, hence one of the ways that can address the psychological problems of such parents It is important to teach mothers using cognitive techniques and behavioral techniques in the form of stress management. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of teaching stress management methods on mothers of children with physical motor disorders on mothers psychological well-being The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-and-post design with control group. Therefore, 24 mothers whose children were physical disabilities were chosen through at-hand sampling and were matched into experimental and control groups. The research instruments were ryff psychological well-being. Training mothers was accomplished in eight 90-minutes sessions. In the end, the two groups completed the questionnaires as post-test. The data was analyzed using ANCOVA. The results indicated the effect of stress management training methods on increase mothers psychological well-being (P<0.05) in experimental group in comparison control group. The findings show that the training of stress management methods has been effective in improving the psychological well-being of mothers of children with physical disabilities and reducing their psychological problems.

Background: Research shows that the lack of mental health and presence of stress in people not only cause some disorders in employees' performance in organizations and reduce their productivity but also there will less effective management without considering these variables. So does taking a multifaceted approach to stress management affect employees' spiritual wellbeing and occupational stress? Aims: The current research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of taking LEARN multifaceted to stress management (Barlow et al. 2001) in the spiritual wellbeing and occupational stress of employees in a pharmaceutical company in Tehran. Method: research method was  The a quasi-experimental design (pre-test and post-test with a control group). where 30 employees were randomly divided into two experimental (N=15) and control (N=15) groups. The multifaceted stress management program was conducted during 18 weekly 90-minute sessions and the subjects answered Perceived Stress Scale PSS (Cohen et al. 1983) and Spirituality Index of Well-Being SIWB (Frey et al. 2005). Results: The results of single-variant covariance analysis indicated that the effect of experimental group had a significant effect on occupational stress (P<0.0.1) and spiritual wellbeing (P<0.01). Conclusions: This suggests that the employees who had participated in the multifaceted stress management program gained better scores in the final exam in terms of the variables related to spiritual wellbeing (self-efficacy and life map) and reduction in occupational stress. 

Background: Research shows that occupational stresses lead to burnout and workaholism in the long run. That is why occupational environments and working conditions are the focus of attention today in order to maintain employee and well-being. So does taking a multifaceted approach to stress management affect employees' workaholism and burnout? Aims: The current research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of taking LEARN multifaceted to stress management (Barlow et al. 2001) in the workaholism and burnout of employees in a pharmaceutical company in Tehran. Method: research method was a quasi-experimental design (pre-test and post-test with a control group), where 30 employees were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental (N=15) and control (N=15). The multifaceted stress management program was conducted during 18 weekly 90-minute sessions and the subjects answered workaholism Scale WART(Robinson, 1999) and burnout MBI (Maslach, 1981). Results: The results of single-variant covariance analysis indicated that the program had a significant effect on workaholism (P<0.0.1) and burnout (P<0.01). Conclusions: This suggests that the employees who had participated in the multifaceted stress management program gained better scores in the final exam in terms of the variables related to workaholism (compulsive tendencies, control, self-absorption, inability to delegate and impaired self-worth) and reduction in their burnout.

Background: one of the disabling neurological disorders is MS.chornic  process  ,not having definitive treatment and engaging aperson at a yaung age causes many mental disorders in the patient.Among  which are anxiety,depression and stress  are all more prevalent. And affects on quality of life in this patients. Aims: The purpose  of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of stress management  training Based  on cognitive_behavioral  model  on quality of  life. Method: The samples of this research was 30 persons, who had MS and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. All of the sample groups completed  quality of life questionair  .then Stress management training was conducted during 10 sessions in experimental Group; based on Sara MC Namara `s program;  while the control group did not receive any training. Subsequently, after intervention,and 6 months later, all variables were re-examined Data are collected using  mixed analysis of variance. Results: Finding showed that stress management training based on cognitive _ behavioral model, enhanced the  quality of life  in  MS patients (p<0/05). Conclusions: Also  stress management  training based on cognitive _ behavioral model, enhanced the quality of life in MS patients. 

Background: Family is the most important element in society and couples are the basis for forming and the kernel of families. A successful society treats couples and family tranquility as matters of utmost importance. If for any reason dissatisfaction and conflict are caused in marital relationships, it might set the basis for failure and anguish and phenomena like skepticism, emotional abuse, hostility and scolding and lowering the couples’ mental health, but could we increase their marital satisfaction and happiness using the emotion regulation based on cognitive-behavioral approach training package? Aims: The current research was conducted towards the goal of teaching emotion regulation abilities based on cognitive-behavioral approach and its effectiveness on marital satisfaction and couples’ happiness. Method: This is a semi-experimental research with single group pretest–posttest. The sample group was chosen as available so 66 persons of the couples (with 32.27 years average and standard deviation of 3.71 years) took part in 7 2 hours sessions of anger management workshop. These couples were chosen from parents of students in Tehran city private schools whom were available. This study was done as semi-experimental with single group pretest posttest.  In the workshops, we used the revised version of Fireworks Program (Smith, 2004).  Oxford Happiness Inventory (Argyle, Martin & Crossland, 1989) and Hudson Index of Marital Satisfaction (1992) were used to collect the data. Results: Results of covariance analysis showed that training has significantly increased emotion regulation abilities, happiness and marital satisfaction. These difference are in such a manner that average of sample group has been increased in Happiness Inventory (p> 0/05) and in Index of Marital Satisfaction which higher score means more marital problems, has decreased (p> 0/05). Conclusion: This means teaching emotion regulation abilities is a proper way to reduce family conflicts and increase happiness in couples. 

Background: Numerous studies have identified the components and presented the organizational development model and evaluated the performance of organizational learning performance. However, the research that identifies the components and designs the pattern of human resource management development based on performance evaluation and organizational learning of Mahshahr Special Economic Zone has been neglected.Aims: To identify the components and design of HRM development model based on organizational performance and learning assessment of Mahshahr Special Economic Zone. Method: The research was a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) study. The statistical population consisted of experts, managers and staff of Mahshahr Special Economic Zone Organization. The managers, and the staff of the organization were selected as the sample. Data collection tools were in the qualitative part of the organization's documentation and in the quantitative part of the researcher-made questionnaires. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations. Results: Organizational learning variable of staff had significant effect on human resource management variable of Special Economic Zone organization and staff performance evaluation variable on human resource development variable (P< 0/05). Conclusions: Organizational performance and organizational learning variables can be used for human resource management development.

Background: Nowadays, educational management deals with many issues such as the future and its prospects, organizational changes and emerging businesses that require serious attention from management scholars and experts. Paying attention to the element of futures and futurism in educational management studies, in today's business world and its rapid changes, will greatly contribute to the dynamics and development of educational management that has been overlooked so far. Aims: The future of educational management studies was modeled by scenario modeling and global business networking model. Method: The research was qualitative. The statistical population of the study consisted of educational management thinkers and experts who simultaneously had expertise and experience in future research studies and scenario modeling. The research tool in this study was semi-structured interviews to prioritize effective proponents of future educational management studies. Data analysis was performed using Friedman test and hierarchical analysis. Results: The future of educational management studies were influenced by two main proponents of "mass media" and "cultural identity" (p= 0/027). Conclusions: Interaction of mass media and cultural identity constituted the four "evolutionary", "media", "cultural" and "alienation" scenarios, each of which represented a specific situation of the future of educational management studies.

Background: Numerous studies have examined flourishing. However, research to assess the validity of the flourishing pattern in the indigenous context of Iran and to address the shortcomings of this model, including the lack of tools to measure some of the components and relationships between the components of the model, has been neglected. Aims: The goal was to predict flourishing based on pattern of psychological flourishing on HPMF human. Method: The research was correlational, the primary teachers of Saqqez were statistical society. 614 people randomly were chosen as sample by multi-step in categories and they responded questionnaire of rehabilitation Riff psychological(1995), Luthans psychological capital(2007), Goldberg five factor personality model(1999), private self awarenesn by Charles Carver(1990), Ahwaz stubbornness psychological AHI(1998), Hozhbaryan flourishing HPFS(2014) and two questionnaire of researcher made on environmental-social-cultural conditions and motivation to flourish(p< 0/01). Results: The result showed that between all variables of the model, there's a positive correlation. The result of structural equations model showed that having purpose will directly meaningfully have positive effects on motivation flourishing. Variables of motivation flourishing, background conditions، intermediate conditions will directly affect self management and indirectly affect positive on flourishing (with interference of self management) Variable of self management also directly influences the flourishing meaningfully. Conclusions: Based on current research, applying enough plans in order to increase conclusion, improvement of background conditions and intermediate conditions, promote flourishing motivation and self management are suggested for flourishing teachers.

Background: A review of the research literature showed that chronic pain self-management (CPSM) plays an important role in the health and optimal functioning of Affected people. However, few studies have examined the factors involved in CPSM in the form of a psychological model.
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the fit of the conceptual model of CPSM based on mindfulness skills (MS), metacognitive beliefs (MB), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) with empirical data obtained from people with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Methods: The design of this research was descriptive-correlation of the type of structural equation modeling research. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain who were referred to Tehran hospitals between June 2020 and December 2021. The sample included 272 eligible individuals from two Imam Hussain and Besat hospitals in Tehran. Data were collected using PSMC-18 (Nicholas et al., 2012), FFMQ-39 (Bair et al., 2008), MCQ-30 (Wells and Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), CERQ-18 (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006), and the GSCS-7 (Von Korff, et al., 1992) by online survey and then analyzed.
Results: The results showed that the conceptual model of CPSM based on the data obtained from participants had a suitable and significant fit (CMIN/d= 2.41, SRMR= 0.068, RMSEA= 0.072,
PNFI= 0.077, CFI= 0.903, IFI= 0.904, GFI= 0.872). All predictor variables were able to directly explain CPSM (p< 0.05). Also, most indirect pathways showed significant effects on CPSM
(p< 0.05).
Conclusion: Structural relationships of MS, MB, and CERS can provide a significant explanation for CPSM in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Accordingly, it seems that designing educational interventions based on the proposed model can improve CPSM in these people.

Background: One of the most common mood disorders is depression. This disorder always leads to disruption of social adaptation and daily life performance of people. Emotional memory management, as a method based on regulating emotions, is one of the accepted methods for improving many psychological disorders, including depression. Despite the use of emotional memory management training in various researches, limited studies have investigated the effectiveness of emotional memory management training on the social adjustment of women and men with depression symptoms.
Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the emotional memory management training package on the social adjustment of women and men with depressive symptoms.
Method: The current research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research included all the male and female employees of the Ports and Maritime Organization and the army navy employees and their families living in Tehran, who had referred to a counseling center in Tehran during the years 2017 to 2018 due to depression. The statistical sample was selected among the people of the statistical population in an accessible and purposeful way and randomly divided into two groups of 30 people, Experimental and control (15 men and 15 women in each group). The experimental group participated in emotional memory management training sessions (a program compiled by the researcher) for 12 sessions of 75 minutes, and the control group was not given any training during this period. Social adjustment (Bell, 1961) and depression (Beck et al., 1996) questionnaires were used to collect data. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used, and SPSS version 25 was used for statistical calculations.
Results: The research findings showed that emotional memory management package training has a positive and significant effect on the social adjustment of depressed men and women. Also, there is a significant difference between the mean social adjustment scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it seems that in the emotional memory management training program, people learn how to interact with each other, express their emotions appropriately, and correct their emotional expression problems. Therefore, by increasing the capacity of emotional and communication knowledge, people's social adjustment is improved.

Background: The symptoms of premenstrual symptoms appear as irritability, tension, restlessness, anxiety and emotional and mood instability, which seriously disrupts the lifestyle and social relations of women. Despite extensive studies in the field of premenstrual anxiety and boredom syndrome, little study has been done regarding the effect of cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based training on reducing anxiety in high school girls.
Aims: The purpose of the current research was to evaluate the efficacy of training with cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness methods on the anxiety and premenstrual boredom syndromes of high school girls.
Methods: The current research design is a semi-experimental one with a control group. The statistical population was all female high school students of Ahvaz city, among them 45 female high school students of Ahvaz city were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to three groups. The premenstrual syndrome screening tool (PSST) and Zong's anxiety self-assessment scale (SAS) were used to collect data.
Results: The results of data analysis indicated that stress management training based on the cognitive behavioral method was effective and significant on the level of anxiety and premenstrual boredom syndromes of high school girls at a significance level of 0.05.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it can be stated that stress management training based on cognitive behavioral methods and mindfulness as an effective intervention method can be effective on the level of perceived anxiety and premenstrual boredom symptoms and on this basis, by teaching and promoting the use of such strategies, it can lead to improving the level of anxiety and reducing the level of boredom in high school girls, and it is necessary for psychologists and school counselors to hold and implement such training.

Background: A review of previous studies shows that, among the variables that affect the underlying mechanisms of panic and depression disorders, are body awareness, difficulty in emotional regulation, and patient's self-management. Considering the lack of research background on the comparison of the above three components in patients with panic and depression disorders, the present study seeks to answer the question whether these three components are different in patients with panic, depression and nonaffected persons?
Aims: The purpose of this research was to compare body awareness, difficulty in emotion regulation and self-management among people with panic disorders, depression and nonaffected persons.
Methods: The current research design was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of the research included all people suffering from panic disorders, depression and non-suffering people in the city of Babol in the autumn of 2022. The sampling method was available and the sample size was 30 people for each group. The data collection tools in this study included three body awareness questionnaires of Shields (1989), the difficulty in emotion regulation questionnaire of Gratz & Roemer (2004) and the self-management questionnaire of Houthun and Neck (2000). The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and Benferoni post hoc test using SPSS₂₂ software.
Results: The obtained results showed that there is no significant difference in body awareness between people suffering from panic disorders, depression and non-suffering people. There was no significant difference in other variables, including difficulty in emotion regulation and self-management, between the two panic and depressed groups, but both groups had a significant difference compared to the group of non-diseased people. It was also found that three groups of people suffering from panic, depression and non-suffering people have a significant difference in the three strategies of self-management, including behavioral strategies, natural reward and constructive thought pattern and difficulty in emotional regulation (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that people with panic disorders and depression have problems in emotion regulation and self-management compared to non-afflicted people. Therefore, it is suggested that psychiatrists and psychotherapists pay attention to the three variables of the present study in the therapeutic interventions of patients suffering from panic and depression in order to prevent the progression and exacerbation of disease symptoms.

Background: Lack of physical presence in electronic environments is a challenge that includes effects such as the isolation of learners from the instructor and peers, a decreasing in academic satisfaction, and an increasing in school dropouts. A review of recent studies shows that the status of Shahid Beheshti University's e-learning center is not appropriate in terms of the sense of presence; therefore, it is necessary to considering the importance of examining the sense of presence and identifying the aforementioned challenges in order to reduce its adverse effects.
Aims: The present study is aimed of providing a model of the sense of presence in the learning management system of e-learning center’s Shahid Beheshti University.
Methods: This was a survey-based research. In the first phase, the statistical population included all professors and students of the e-learning center of Shahid Beheshti University and IT specialists in education, who were chosen through judgmental sampling method. In the second phase, the statistical population was the professors and specialists of e-learning courses and PHD candidates who were chosen through convenience sampling method. To collect data, it is used a researcher-made questionnaire tool which its validity was (85%) and its reliability was calculated through calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.90). At first, the data were analyzed through the one-sample t-test and then, used the AMOS software in the second step.
Results: The results showed the average variables of sense of presence (2.416), educational presence (2.663), emotional presence (2.256), cognitive presence (2.263), learning presence (2.472), physical presence (2.340), autonomous presence (2.444) and aesthetic presence (2.319) obtained from the expected average (3) are lower; Therefore, according to the obtained t value and according to the significance level (p< 0.05), the average state of the sense of presence and its dimensions were significantly different from the expected average and were lower than expected. Also, in the second part, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the identified dimensions included enough factor loading to anticipate the sense of presence in the LMS of Shahid Beheshti University. It didn’t remove the components that included factor loading higher than 0.70 and a significant level equal to p< 0/05 in the total model. Also, the indexes (GFI, NFI, CFI, IFI) with higher value than (0.085) showed that the developed model that related to sense of presence is appropriate in the E-learning environment. The value of RMSEA (0.083) showed the appropriate model Fit. In general, the results of indexes showed the appropriateness of the model.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the average state of the sense of presence and its dimensions has a significant difference from the expected average and is lower than expected. This model showed that it can be a suitable model for creating a sense of presence and progress in electronic education. Also, conductiing the more studies with larger sample size could be helpful.

Background: Today, environmental changes and organizations' reactions to these changes are one of the main problems in understanding the behavior of organizations, which requires a new management method. Therefore, in order to maintain the balance of internal needs and adapt to the environmental conditions, the education and training organization needs a management in which the causal, contextual, intervening conditions, consequences and organizational ecology management strategies are carefully examined. To help improve organizational behavior and interactions between organization members and the natural environment
Aims: The current research was conducted with the aim of validating the management model of organizational ecology in Tehran education.
Methods: The method of the current research was correlation with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The research community included all the education managers of Tehran in 2023, of which 400 were selected using the available method. The measurement part of the paradigmatic model was done based on confirmatory factor analysis with AMOS software and the structural part of the model was done using structural equations based on partial least squares with PLS-3 software.
Results: The results showed that the research model has a good fit. In the paradigmatic model of organizational ecology management, causal conditions are based on phenomenon (P< 0.001,
β= 0.817), phenomenon-oriented on strategies (P< 0.001, β= 0.497), strategies on consequences
(P< 0.001), β= 0.361), intervening conditions have an effect on the results (P< 0.001, β= 0.284) and background factors have an effect on the results (P< 0.001, β= 0.337).
Conclusion: Organizational ecology management is a basic solution for the development of successful and flexible interactions of the employees of the education and training organization with each other and with the environment, and managers should, by knowing the effective components of organizational ecology management, take it into account in their planning. pay attention.