Enter your email address
Submit
Write your message
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran , a_isamorad_s@yahoo.com
Abstract: (255 Views)
Background: A significant aspect of modern parenting is addressing the challenges of raising Generation Z adolescents. It is essential to consider the impact of teenagers' digital lives along with parents' roles in monitoring and managing their activities in this age of technology and communication—an element that previous studies on parenting models have often overlooked.
Aims: This study aimed to identify and conceptualize the core components of effective parenting for Generation Z adolescents from the perspectives of experts.
Methods: The research utilized a qualitative, exploratory design with thematic analysis. The study population included all family education specialists (psychologists and family counselors) in Tehran in 2024. A total of 18 experts were selected through purposive sampling until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews developed by the researchers.
Results: The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method. Following the coding process, eight main themes and 53 subcategories emerged. The findings indicated that successful parenting for Generation Z involves maintaining a positive attitude toward adolescence, establishing effective communication, providing balanced and constructive guidance, strategically utilizing technology, fostering independence and skill development, and challenging restrictive parental beliefs.
Conclusion: Effective parenting in the digital age necessitates an understanding of generational differences, emotional support, flexibility, and the ability to cultivate respectful and open relationships with adolescents. The theoretical implications of this research highlight the need for culturally grounded parenting models tailored to Generation Z in the Iranian context. Practical applications include the development of educational and intervention programs for parents, counselors, educators, and policymakers.
Aims: This study aimed to identify and conceptualize the core components of effective parenting for Generation Z adolescents from the perspectives of experts.
Methods: The research utilized a qualitative, exploratory design with thematic analysis. The study population included all family education specialists (psychologists and family counselors) in Tehran in 2024. A total of 18 experts were selected through purposive sampling until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews developed by the researchers.
Results: The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method. Following the coding process, eight main themes and 53 subcategories emerged. The findings indicated that successful parenting for Generation Z involves maintaining a positive attitude toward adolescence, establishing effective communication, providing balanced and constructive guidance, strategically utilizing technology, fostering independence and skill development, and challenging restrictive parental beliefs.
Conclusion: Effective parenting in the digital age necessitates an understanding of generational differences, emotional support, flexibility, and the ability to cultivate respectful and open relationships with adolescents. The theoretical implications of this research highlight the need for culturally grounded parenting models tailored to Generation Z in the Iranian context. Practical applications include the development of educational and intervention programs for parents, counselors, educators, and policymakers.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/05/11 | Accepted: 2025/07/16 | Published: 2026/03/21
Received: 2025/05/11 | Accepted: 2025/07/16 | Published: 2026/03/21
References
1. اسدی، مسعود (1401). ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاس والدگری موفق بر اساس فرهنگ خانواده های ایران: پژوهشی مبتنی بر ریاضیات فازی. روانشناسی فرهنگی، 6 (2)، 106-139. https://jcp.samt.ac.ir/article_140105.html
2. اسدی، مسعود، منصوریان، یزدان و نظری محمد علی ( 1394). تبیین شاخص های والدگری موفق دوره نوجوانی در نمونه هایی از خانواده های ایرانی؛ یک مطالعه کیفی. فصلنامه آموزش بهداشت و ارتقاء سلامت. 3 (3)، 219-231. https://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1.-309-fa.html
3. حاج خدادادی، داوود، اعتمادی، عذرا، عابدی، محمدرضا، و جزایری، رضوان السادات. (1400). اثربخشی برنامه فرزندپروری مثبت بر والدگری موثر و کیفیت رابطه والد-فرزندی در مادران دارای نوجوان. مجله علوم روانشناختی، 20(98 )، 185-197. https://sid.ir/paper/368440/fa
4. حسینی کلائی، سیده ساناز و اسدی، مسعود . (1399). اثر بخشی آموزش والدگری موفق به مادران بر سازگاری عاطفی، تحصیلی و اجتماعی دختران نوجوان. فرهنگ مشاوره و روان درمانی، 11(43)، 89-120. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2020.50638.2340
5. خوانساری، زهرا، ترکان، هاجر، و بهرامی پور، منصوره. (1402). مقایسهی اثربخشی والدگری مبتنی بر نظریه ی انسان سالم با برنامه والدگری مثبت بر تنیدگی والدگری و سرمایه ی روان شناختی مادران کودکان 6 تا 12 ساله ی مبتلا به اختلالات رفتاری برون سازی شده. سبک زندگی اسلامی با محوریت سلامت، 7(ویژه نامه )، 1-18.. https://sid.ir/paper/1134551/fa
6. ساطوریان، عباس؛ احمدی، محمد رضا؛ رفیعی هنر، حمید و طهماسیان، کارینه (1400). مولفه های والدگری دوره نوجوانی مبتنی بر منابع اسلامی. پژوهش نامه اسلامی زنان و خانواده، 9 (23)، 83-108. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1053387/fa
7. شکوهییکتا، محسن، اکبری زردخانه، سعید، محمودی، مریم و مهدوی مجتبی. (1397) اثربخشی برنامه مداخلهای روابط والد- نوجوان بر تعاملات بیننسلی خانوادگی. مجله علوم روانشناختی. ۱۷ (۶۵) ،۶۰-۴۶. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-107-fa.html
8. صابری، جواد؛ بهرامی پور، منصوره؛ قمرانی، امیر و یارمحمدیان، احمد (1393). اثربخشی برنامه گروهی والدگری مثبت بر کاهش استرس والدگری مادران دارای کودکان مبتلا به اختلال اوتیسم. دانش و پژوهش در روانشناسی کاربردی. 15 (2)، 69-77. https://sid.ir/paper/163766/en
9. هادی،مریم، قربانی، نیما و بشارت، محمدعلی. (1398). نقش واسطه ای فرآیندهای خودشناختی نوجوان در رابطه بین سبک های والدگری و سلامت روانی، مجله علوم روانشناختی. ۱۸ (۷۶) ،۴۰۶-۳۹۷. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-253-fa.html
10. Anthony, L.G., Anthony, B.J., Glanville, D.N., Naiman, D.Q., Waanders, C., Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14(2),133- 54. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/icd.385
11. Asadi, M., Mansourian, Y, Nazary, M. (2015). Exploring indicators of successful parenting of adolescents among Iranian families: A Qualitative Study. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot, 3 (3) ,219-231. (Persian). https://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1.-309-fa.html
12. Asadi, Masoud. (2022). Construction and validation of a successful parenting scale based on iranian family culture: A research based on fuzzy mathematics. Cultural Psychology, 6(2), 106-139. (Persian). https://jcp.samt.ac.ir/article_140105.html
13. Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. (2020). Foundations of addictions counseling. Hoboken. https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/preface/0/1/3/5/0135166934.pdf
14. Demir, B. (2021). Generation Z students’ expectations from English language instruction. Journal of language and linguistic studies. )1(17, 701 -683. http://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/2253
15. Desjardins, J., Zelenski, J.M., Coplan, R.J. (2008). An investigation of maternal personality, parenting styles, and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 587-97. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-19049-007
16. Duncan, P.M., Garcia, A.C., Frankowski, B.L., Carey, P.A., Kallock, E.A., Dixon, R.D., et al. (2007). Inspiring healthy adolescent choices: a rationale for and guide to strength promotion in primary care. Journal of adolescent health, 41(6), 525-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18023780/
17. Farazi, F., Mazloum, H. (2019). The role of perception of parenting styles and attachment to God in predicting anger control among female students, Quarterly Journal of Women and Family Studies, 13 (48), 1-15. (Persian). https://journals.iau.ir/article_674607.html
18. Foulkes, L., Leung, J.T., Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L.J., & Blakemore, S.J. (2018). Age differences in the prosocial influence effect. Developmental science, 03(4), 3-8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6221149/
19. Hadi M, ghorbani N, Besharat M A. (2019). The mediating role of adolescent self - knowledge processes in the relation between parenting styles and mental health. Journal of Psychological Science. 18(76), 397-406. (Persian). https://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-253-en.html
20. Hajkhodadadi D, Etemadi O, Abedi M R, Jazayeri R S. (2021). The effectiveness of triple-p (positive parenting program) on effective parenting and quality of child-parent relationship in mothers with adolescents. Journal of Psychological Science. 20(98), 185-198. (Persian). https://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-805-en.html
21. Hosseini kalaie, S., Asadi, M. (2020). The effectiveness of successful parenting education to mothers on emotional, educational and social adjustment in adolescent girls. culter of counceling quarterly and psychotherapy, (43)11, 89-120. (Persian) https://qccpc.atu.ac.ir/article_10920.html
22. Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J. T., VanderValk, I. E., & Meeus, W. (2010). Reciprocal effects between parental solicitation, parental control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 88-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00631.x
23. Khansari, Zahra., Torkan, H, & Bahramipour, M. (2023). Comparing the effectiveness of parenting based on the healthy human theory (hht) with triple p-the positive parenting program on parenting stress and psychological capital of mothers of children aged 6 to 12 years with extrinsic behavioral disorders. Islamic Life Style Centered on Health, 7, 1-18. (Persian). https://sid.ir/paper/1134551/en
24. Kildare, C.A., Middlemiss, W. (2017). Impact of parent’s mobile device use on parent-child interaction: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 758-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.003
25. Leon, E., Steele, M., Palacios, J., Román, M., &Moreno, C. (2018). Parenting adoptive children: Reflective functioning and parent-child interactions. A comparative, relational and predictive study. Children and Youth Services Review, 95, 352-360. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-64496-038
26. Meiting, L., Hua, W. (2020). The dark side of white lies: Parenting by lying in childhood and adolescent anxiety, the mediation of parent-child attachment and gender difference. Children and Youth Services Review, 338, 327-332. DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105635
27. Minuchin, S., Reiter, M. D., & Borda, C. (2021). The craft of family therapy. In The Craft of Family Therapy (pp. 3-11). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003110996
28. Noman, e. )2020(. Effect of smartphone addiction on loneliness levels and academic achievement of z generation, International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies. http://dx.doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2020.01.017
29. Perez, J. K., Cumsille, P., & Martinez, M. L. (2016). Agreement between parent and adolescent autonomy expectations and its relationship to adolescent Adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 10-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.010
30. Rice, F., Riglin, L., Lomax, T., Souter, E., Potter, R., Smith, D.J., Thapar, A.K., Thapar, A. (0238). Adolescent and adult differences in major depression symptom profiles. Journal of Affective Disorders, 043, 357-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.015
31. Rote, W. M., & Smetana, J. G. (2016). Patterns and predictors of mother – adolescent discrepancies across family constructs. Journal of youth and adolescence. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016905151.
32. Saberi, Javad., Bahrami pour, M, Ghamarane, Amir, & Yarmohamadian, A. (2014). The effectiveness of group positive parenting program on parental stress of mothers of children with autism disorder. Knowledge & research in applied psychology, 15(2 (56)), 69-77. (Persian). https://sid.ir/paper/163766/en
33. Satourian, S., Ahmadi, M, rafiei honar, H, & tahmasian, K. (2021). The components of parenting of adolescence period based on islamic sources. The Islamic Journal of Women and the Family, 9(23), 83-108. (Persian). https://sid.ir/paper/1053387/en
34. Shan, W., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Cheung, E.F.C., Chan, R.C.K., Jiang, F. (0238). Association between Maltreatment, Positive Parent– Child Interaction, and Psychosocial Well-Being in Young Children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 033, 392-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.06.050
35. Shokoohi-Yekta M, Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Mahmoodi M, Mahdavi M. (2018). Effects of the intervention program of parent - adolescent relationship on Intergenerational Interactions. Journal of Psychological Science. 17(65), 46-60.(Persian). https://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-107-en.html
36. Spera, C. (2005). A review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review,17(2),125-46. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1
37. Steele, E. H., & McKinney, C. (2019). Emerging adult psychological problems and parenting style: Moderation by parent-child relationship quality. Personality and Individual aggressive behaviors in Korean adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 83, 41-47. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.048
38. Sun, R., Gao, Q., Xiang, Y., Chen, T., Liu, T., Chen, Q. (2020). Parent–child relationships and mobile phone addiction tendency among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of peer relationships. Children and Youth Services Review, 336, 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105113
39. Trent, E.S., Viana, A.G., Raines, E.M., Woodward, E.C., Storch, E.A., Zvolensky, M.J. (2019). Parental threats and adolescent depression: The role of emotion dysregulation. Psychiatry Research. 056, 39-04. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.009
40. Zhao, F., Liu, M., Li, S. (2020). Paternal coparenting behavior and adolescent prosocial behaviors: Roles of parent-child attachment, peer attachment, and gender. Children and Youth Services Review, 338, 323-329. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105629
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. |
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)