Enter your email address
Submit
Write your message
Volume 23, Issue 144 (12-2024)
Journal of Psychological Science 2024, 23(144): 313-335 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Ashrafifard S, Mohammadipour M, Jajarmi M. (2024). Phubbing Based on Personality Traits in Generation Z Students: The Mediating Role of Smartphone Addiction in A Structural Model. Journal of Psychological Science. 23(144), 313-335. doi:10.61186/jps.23.144.17
URL: http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-2824-en.html
URL: http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-2824-en.html
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Quchan Branch, Quchan, Iran. , mmohammadipour@iauq.ac.ir
Abstract: (60 Views)
Background: As technology and globalization continue to evolve, individuals are increasingly facing an issue known as phubbing. This phenomenon can negatively impact workplaces, emotional relationships, parent-child relationships, and behavioral problems, anxiety,etc., particularly among Generation Z. Therefore, it is essential to conduct more studies on the factors that influence the prevalence of phubbing. Understanding the role of related variables can help develop effective measures to mitigate its harmful effects.
Aims: This study aimed to model the structural equations of the relationships between personality traits and the mediating effect of smartphone addiction on phubbing in Generation Z.
Methods: The current study employed a correlation method of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population includes Generation Z students (Individuals born between 1997 and 2012) enrolled at branches of Islamic Azad University in Tehran during the Second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. A total of 556 individuals were selected as a statistical sample using cluster sampling method. To collect data, the general phubbing scale(Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas,2018), the Mobile Phone Addiction (Savari,2014),the shortened version of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory(Costa & McCrae,1985) were used. To evaluate the proposed model, structural equation modeling and AMOS.24 and SPSS.29 were used.
Results: Data analysis shows that the proposed model aligns well with the data. Direct pathways analysis revealed a significant total path coefficient between personality traits and phubbing. The path coefficient between smartphone addiction and phubbing was positive and significant (P=0.001). Indirect pathways showed that smartphone addiction negatively mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and phubbing, while positively and significantly mediating the relationship between neuroticism and phubbing(P=0.001) in Generation Z students.
Conclusion: Based on results, Personality traits and smartphone addiction significantly affect phubbing in Generation Z. Therefore, it is recommended to consider technology-based behaviors and their impact on mental health in Generation Z, especially in educational and training matters
Aims: This study aimed to model the structural equations of the relationships between personality traits and the mediating effect of smartphone addiction on phubbing in Generation Z.
Methods: The current study employed a correlation method of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population includes Generation Z students (Individuals born between 1997 and 2012) enrolled at branches of Islamic Azad University in Tehran during the Second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. A total of 556 individuals were selected as a statistical sample using cluster sampling method. To collect data, the general phubbing scale(Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas,2018), the Mobile Phone Addiction (Savari,2014),the shortened version of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory(Costa & McCrae,1985) were used. To evaluate the proposed model, structural equation modeling and AMOS.24 and SPSS.29 were used.
Results: Data analysis shows that the proposed model aligns well with the data. Direct pathways analysis revealed a significant total path coefficient between personality traits and phubbing. The path coefficient between smartphone addiction and phubbing was positive and significant (P=0.001). Indirect pathways showed that smartphone addiction negatively mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and phubbing, while positively and significantly mediating the relationship between neuroticism and phubbing(P=0.001) in Generation Z students.
Conclusion: Based on results, Personality traits and smartphone addiction significantly affect phubbing in Generation Z. Therefore, it is recommended to consider technology-based behaviors and their impact on mental health in Generation Z, especially in educational and training matters
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2024/12/21 | Accepted: 2025/02/5 | Published: 2025/02/19
Received: 2024/12/21 | Accepted: 2025/02/5 | Published: 2025/02/19
References
1. آتش روز، بهروز؛ پاکدامن، شهلا؛ عسگری، علی.( 1387). ارتباط بین پنج رگه شخصیتی و پیشرفت تحصیلی. فصلنامه روانشناسان ایرانی. 4 (16). 376-367. https: //sanad.iau.ir/fa/Article/1055059
2. احمدیان، حمزه؛ رستمی، چنگیز. (1395). بررسی آمادگی به اعتیاد دانشجویان رشته رواشناسی بر اساس ویژگیهای شخصیتی(نئو). فصلنامه پرستاری، مامایی و پیراپزشکی. ۲ (۲): ۲۲-۳۲. https: //doi.org/10.29252/sjnmp.2.2.22
3. انیسی، جعفر؛ مجدیان، محمد؛ جوشن لو، محسن؛ گوهری کامل، زهرا. (1390). بررسی اعتبار و روایی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه پنج عاملی نئو در دانشجویان. مجله علوم رفتاری. 5 (4): 355-351. https: //www.behavsci.ir/article_67753.html
4. پروازی مقدم، زهرا؛ فتحی واجارگاه، کوروش؛ پوشنه، کامبیز؛ خسروی بابادی، علی اکبر (1401). برنامه درسی متناسب با ویژگی و نیازهای نسل زد: یک مطالعه سنتز پژوهی. پژوهش در برنامهریزی درسی. 19(74): 45-23. https: //doi.org/10.30486/jsre.2022.1966537.2222
5. حسن اصفهانی، مصطفی؛ خانجانی، مهدی؛ بذرام، عادل. (1400). ساختار عاملی و ویژگیهای روانسنجی مقیاس عمومی فابینگ. اندازهگیری تربیتی. 12 (46): 26-7 https: //doi.org/10.22054/jem.2022.64299.3313
6. خرسندپور، توران؛ رضاخانی، سیمین دخت؛ شریفی، حسن پاشا. (1400). الگوی ساختاری باورهای غیرمنطقی بر اساس ویژگیهای شخصیتی و عزت نفس در دانشجویان: نقش واسطهای تفکر انتقادی. مجله علوم روانشناختی. ۲۰ (۱۰۱): ۷۸۶-۷۷۵. 20.1001.1.17357462.1400.20.101.9.4
7. قاسمی، وحید.(1390). برآورد حجم بهینه نمونه در مدلهای معادله ساختاری و ارزیابی کفایت آن برای پژوهشگران اجتماعی.مجله جامعهشناسی ایران. 12(4). 147-126. http: //www.jsi-isa.ir/article_24095.html
8. محمدی، عباس، محمدی، اسرا.(1403). اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر خشونت خانگی، پرخاشگری و اعتیاد به تلفن همراه نوجوانان. مجله علوم روانشناختی. ۲۳ (۱۴۴): ۳۱۲-۲۹۳. https: //doi.org/10.52547/JPS.23.144.293
9. مطلبینژاد، علیرضا؛ طباطبائی، مریم سادات؛ قهاری، اعظم. (1402). مقایسه رابطه ویژگیهای شخصیتی و سبکهای دلبستگی با میزان اعتیاد به گوشیهوشمند. پویش در آموزش علوم تربیتی و مشاوره. 18(18): 41-22. https: //educationscience.cfu.ac.ir/article_3098.html?lang=en
10. مبلیان، عاطفه؛ دیاریان، محمدمسعود؛ یوسفی، زهرا.(1400). نقش میانجی پذیرش خویشتن در رابطه ویژگیهای شخصیتی و نیازهای گلاسر با کیفیت رابطه زناشویی. مجله علوم روانشناختی. ۲۰ (۹۸): ۳۱۶-۳۰۵. 20.1001.1.17357462.1400.20.98.9.8
11. Abi Doumit, C., Malaeb, D., Akel, M., Salameh, P., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2023). Association between Personality Traits and Phubbing: The Co-Moderating Roles of Boredom and Loneliness. Healthcare (Basel), 11(6).[PMC10048773]. https: //doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060915
12. Afolayan, O. T. (2020). Personality Types as Correlate of Specific Phone Usages and Smart Phone Addiction among Students in the University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 4(1), 27-46.https: //doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2019.284195.1036
13. Ahmadian, H., & Rostami, C. (2016). Study of tendency of psychology students to addiction based on personality characteristics (neo). SJNMP 2(2).https: //doi.org/10.29252/sjnmp.2.2.22 (in persian)
14. Ahmed, N. (2019). Generation Z’s Smartphone and Social Media Usage: A Survey. Journalism and Mass Communication, 9(3), 122-101.https: //doi.org/10.17265/2160-6579/2019.03.001
15. Al-Saggaf, Y. (2023). Die Psychologie des Phubbing. Ursachen und Auswirkungen der Smartphone-Nutzung in Gesprächssituationen (1 ed.). Springer Singapore. https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5917-4
16. Al-Saggaf, Y., & O'Donnell, S. B. (2019a). The Role of State Boredom, State of Fear of Missing Out and State Loneliness in State Phubbing The 30th Australasian Conference on InformationSystems: ACIS 2019- Esplanade Hotel, pp. 214–221, Perth, Australia. https: //aisel.aisnet.org/acis2019/23/
17. Al-Saggaf, Y., & O'Donnell, S. B. (2019b). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors, and impacts. Hum Behav & Emerg Tech, 1(2), 132-140.https: //doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.137
18. Anisi, J., Majdian, M., Joshanloo, M., & Goharikamel, Z. (2012). Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 351-355.https:www.behavsci.ir/article_67753_f1de17620c2496200af180ad86ede6a5.pdf (in persian)
19. Arenz, A., & Schnauber-Stockmann, A. (2023). Who “phubs”? A systematic meta-analytic review of phubbing predictors. Mobile Media & Communication, 12(3), 637-661. https: //doi.org/10.1177/20501579231215678
20. Atashrouz, B., Pakdaman, S., & Asgari, A. (2008). The relationship between the big five personality traits and academic achievement. Journal of Developmental Psychology Iranian Psychologists, 16(4), 367-376. http: //sanad.iau.ir/fa/Article/1055059 (in persian)
21. Attiq, S., Afzal, H., Rauf-I-A, & Shah, H. J. (2023). Predictors of smartphone's gaming addiction among Generation Z consumers: An empirical investigation from Pakistan. PJCSS, 17(4), 728-700. https: //www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/285322
22. Barreiro, S. C., & Bozutti, D. F. (2017). Challenges and Difficulties to Teaching Engineering to Generation Z: a case research. Propósitos y Representaciones, 5. https: //doi.org/10.20511/pyr2017.v5n2.163
23. Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 71, 252-266.[PMC27590829]. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
24. Capilla Garrido, E., Issa, T., Gutiérrez Esteban, P., & Cubo Delgado, S. (2021). A descriptive literature review of phubbing behaviors. Heliyon, 7(5), e07037.[PMC8144009]. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07037
25. Chi, L., Tang, T., & Tang, E. (2022). The phubbing phenomenon: a cross-sectional study on the relationships among social media addiction, fear of missing out, personality traits, and phubbing behavior. Current Psychology, 41, 1-12. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02468-y
26. Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018). Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP). Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 5-17. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020
27. Çikrikci, Ö., Griffiths, M. D., & Erzen, E. (2022). Testing the Mediating Role of Phubbing in the Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and Satisfaction with Life. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 44-56. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00115-z
28. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory And NEO five factor inventory. Lutz, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resource, Inc. https: //www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Revised-NEO-Personality-Inventory-(NEO-PI-R)-and-Costa-Mccrae/c743ed852f6187bf87e57c7ab336f614d37b2713
29. de Almeida Santos, A., de Oliveira Ferreira, B., Leitão, C. L., da Silva, I. R., & de Souza Torres, M. (2023). Phubbing behavior, personality, and use of instagram by Brazilian adults: a correlational and predictive study. Psicol Reflex Crit, 36(1), 24.[PMC10477148]. https: //doi.org/10.1186/s41155-023-00268-w
30. Ergün, N., Özkan, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023). Social Media Addiction and Poor Mental Health: Examining the Mediating Roles of Internet Addiction and Phubbing. Psychological Reports, 332941231166609.[PMC36972903]. https: //doi.org/10.1177/00332941231166609
31. Erzen, E., Odaci, H., & Yeniçeri, İ. (2019). Phubbing: Which Personality Traits Are Prone to Phubbing? Social Science Computer Review, 39(1), 56-69. https: //doi.org/10.1177/0894439319847415
32. ghasemi, v. (2012). Estimation of optimal sample size in structural equation models and evaluation of its adequacy for social researchers. Iranian Journal of Sociology, 12(1), 138-161. https: //doi.org/20.1001.1.17351901.1390.12.4.5.7 (In Persian)
33. Guazzini, A., Raimondi, T., Biagini, B., Bagnoli, F., & Duradoni, M. (2021). Phubber’s Emotional Activations: The Association between PANAS and Phubbing Behavior. Future Internet, 13(12), 311. https: //doi.org/10.3390/fi13120311
34. Han, J. H., Park, S. J., & Kim, Y. (2022). Phubbing as a Millennials’ New Addiction and Relating Factors Among Nursing Students. Psychiatry Investig, 19(2), 135-145.[PMC8898607]. https: //doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0163
35. Hassan Esfahani, M., Khanjani, M., & Bazram, A. (2021). The factor Structure and psychometric properties of Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP). Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 12(46), 7-26. https: //doi.org/10.22054/jem.2022.64299.3313 (In Persian)
36. Horwood, S., & Anglim, J. (2018). Personality and problematic smartphone use: A facet-level analysis using the Five Factor Model and HEXACO frameworks. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 349-359. https: //doi.org/https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.013
37. Hussain, A. (2024). And You Think You Know Gen Z: Real Stories and Practical Tips for Parents, Educators, Marketers, & Employer (1 ed.). Notion Press Media Pvt. Limited. https: //books.google.com/books?id=zgvy0AEACAAJ
38. Isrofin, B., & Munawaroh, E. (2022). The Effect of Smartphone Addiction and Self-Control on Phubbing Behavior. Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling, 6(1). https: //doi.org/10.17977/um001v6i12021p015
39. Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M., Çulha, İ., & Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of behavioral addictions, 4(2), 60-74.[PMC4500886].https: //doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005
40. Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31.351-354 https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
41. Khorsandpour, T., Rezakhani, S., & Sharifi, H. (2021). The structural pattern of irrational beliefs based on personality traits and self-esteem in students: the mediating role of critical thinking [Research]. Journal of Psychological Science, 20(101), 775-786. 20.1001.1.17357462.1400.20.101.9.4 (in persian)
42. Kline , R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4 ed.). Guilford press, New York & London.
43. Knack, A. K., & Harbke, C. R. (2021). The five-factor model of personality and problematic smartphone use, . Modern Psychological Studies, 26(1). https: //scholar.utc.edu/mps/vol26/iss1/9
44. Koc, T., & Caliskan, K. (2022). Phubbing phenomenon in educational environments: examining the impact of supervisor phubbing on student outcomes. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2022.2088270
45. Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One, 8(12), e83558.[PMC3877074]. https: //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
46. Lv, H., Ye, W., Chen, S., Zhang, H., & Wang, R. (2022). The Effect of Mother Phubbing on Young Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Problems: A Moderated Mediation Model of Mother–Child Attachment and Parenting Stress. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(24), 16911.[PMC9779429]. https: //doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416911
47. Mehmood, A., Bu, T., Zhao, E., Zelenina, V., Alexander, N., Wang, W., Siddiqi, S. M., Qiu, X., Yang, X., Qiao, Z., Zhou, J., & Yang, Y. (2021). Exploration of Psychological Mechanism of Smartphone Addiction Among International Students of China by Selecting the Framework of the I-PACE Model. Front Psychol, 12, 758610.[PMC8632695]. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758610
48. Meyers, L. S., Gamest.G, & Goarin, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research, design and interpretation. Sage publication, Thousand oaks. London. New Deihi. https: //study.sagepub.com/meyers3e
49. Moblian, A., Dayarian, M. M., & Usefi, Z. (2021). The role of self-acceptance in relation personality factors and glasser's needs regulation with marital satisfaction [Research]. Journal of Psychological Science, 20(98), 305-316. 20.1001.1.17357462.1400.20.98.9.8 (in persian)
50. Mohammadi, A., & Mohammadi, A. (2025). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on domestic violence, aggression and addiction to mobile phones in adolescents [Research]. Journal of Psychological Science, 23(144), 293-312. https: //doi.org/10.52547/jps.23.144.293 (in persian)
51. MohammadiPour, M., Ashrafifard, S., & Mohammadipour, S. (2023). Relationship Between Metacognitive Beliefs and Body Image Concerns in Primary Dysmenorrhea Intensity: The Mediating Role of Pain Self-Efficacy in Iranian Students [Research Article]. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 17(3), e131474. https: //doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-131474
52. Motallebinezhad, A., Tabatabaei, M. S., & Ghahhari, A. (2023). The Relationship between personality traits and attachment styles with smartphone addiction. Journal of Pouyesh in Education and Consultation (JPEC), 1402(18), 22-41. https: //educationscience.cfu.ac.ir/article_3098_bd363dc7a92ec6cc8168662f1234b907.pdf (in persian)
53. Müller, M., Sindermann, C., Rozgonjuk, D., & Montag, C. (2021). Mind-Wandering Mediates the Associations Between Neuroticism and Conscientiousness, and Tendencies Towards Smartphone Use Disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661541
54. Nanda, G., & Prihatsanti, U. (2023). Phubbing in Workplace: The Effect to Employees’ Work Engagement. Proceedings of International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche), 4, 308-315. https://doi.org/10.58959/icpsyche.v4i1.48
55. Nikel, Ł., Kolańska-Stronka, M., & Krasa, P. (2024). Personality traits, internet addiction, and phubbing among teens: a mediation analysis. Behaviour & Information Technology, 44(3), 463-476. https: //doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2323096
56. Osorio, J., Figueroa, M., & Wong, L. (2024). Predicting Smartphone Addiction in Teenagers: An Integrative Model Incorporating Machine Learning and Big Five Personality Traits. Journal of Computer Science, 20(2). https: //doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2024.181.190
57. Parmaksız, I. (2021). Relationships Between Phubbing and The Five Factor Personality Traits. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 29(4), 32-42. https: //doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.795620
58. Parvazimoghadam, Z., Fathi vajargah, K., Poshneh, K., & Khosravi Babadi, A. A. (2022). Curriculum characteristics and needs of the generation z: A research synthesis. Research in Curriculum Planning 74(19) 23-45, https: //doi.org/10.30486/jsre.2022.1966537.2222 (In Persian)
59. Rahman, M. A., Duradoni, M., & Guazzini, A. (2022). Identification and prediction of phubbing behavior: a data-driven approach. Neural Computing and Applications, 34(5), 3885-3894. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06649-5
60. Rahmani, K., Kuntari, C. I. S., & Chrisantiana, T. G. (2024). Pengaruh Perilaku Phubbing terhadap Kompetensi Interpersonal Generasi Z Pengguna Media Sosial. Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi), 8(2), 177-194. https: //doi.org/10.28932/humanitas.v8i2.8818
61. Şahin, S., Demirhan, İ., Arıöz, A., & Ünsal, A. (2024). Assessment Of The Relationship Between Phubbing And Personality Types Among University Students. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 33(1), 115-128. https: //doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1394592
62. Safdar Bajwa, R., Abdullah, H., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Wan Jaafar, W. M., & Abu Samah, A. (2023). Smartphone addiction and phubbing behavior among university students: A moderated mediation model by fear of missing out, social comparison, and loneliness [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.[PMC9853171 ]. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1072551
63. Savci, M., & Aysan, F. (2017). Technological Addictions and Social Connectedness: Predictor Effect of Internet Addiction, Social Media Addiction, Digital Game Addiction and Smartphone Addiction on Social Connectedness. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 30, 202-216. https: //doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2017300304
64. sevari, k. (2014). Construction and Validation of the Mobile Phone Addiction Questionnaire. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 5(15), 126-142. https: //jem.atu.ac.ir/article_272.html?lang=en.[(In Persian)
65. Silva, P. G. N. D., Cunha, L. R. L. D., Santos, L. B., Brito, R. C. S., & Medeiros, E. D. D. (2024). Phubbing Scale: Psychometric Evidences In The Brazilian Context. Boletim de conjuntura, 17(49). https: //doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10570055
66. Thomas, T. T., Carnelley, K. B., & Hart, C. M. (2022). Phubbing in romantic relationships and retaliation: A daily diary study. Computers in Human Behavior, 137, 107398. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107398
67. Zerach, G. (2021). Emptiness Mediates the Association Between Pathological Narcissism and Problematic Smartphone Use. Psychiatr Q, 92(1), 363-373.[PMID: 32767218]. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09803-9
68. Zhong, G., Shu, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, H., Zhou, J., & Yang, L. (2025). The relationship between social support and smartphone addiction: the mediating role of negative emotions and self-control. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1), 167.[PMC11863422]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06615-8
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. |
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)