Enter your email address
Submit
Write your message
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran , soleymany.psy@gmail.com
Abstract: (400 Views)
Background: Body dysmorphic disorder is a common disorder that has negative effects on people's quality of life. On the other hand, neuroticism increases vulnerability to BDD. Additionally, anxiety sensitivity can be a mediating factor in this regard. However, the relationships between these variables in the form of a coherent model and in the population of cosmetic surgery applicants need to be further investigated.
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between neuroticism and body dysmorphic disorder mediated by anxiety sensitivity in applicants for various types of facial surgery.
Methods: The research method was descriptive, correlational, and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all visitors to beauty clinics in Urmia city for facial cosmetic surgery in the period from May to August 2024. Participants were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire for BDD (Phillips, 1997), Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire (McCrae & Costa, 2004), and Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire (Reiss et al., 2001). The data were analyzed using the statistical method of structural equation modeling with SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software.
Results: There is a positive and significant relationship between neuroticism and BDD (β= 0.193, p< 0.01), and anxiety sensitivity is a mediating variable in this relationship. Also, the effect of neuroticism on anxiety sensitivity (β= 0.340, p< 0.001) and the effect of anxiety sensitivity on body dysmorphic disorder (β= 0.314, p< 0.001) was positive and significant. The hypothetical model of the research has a better fit than the alternative models and can help to better understand the factors affecting BDD and provide therapeutic solutions.
Conclusion: The results provide a suitable framework for the etiology of BDD and can help in designing therapeutic interventions based on reducing neuroticism and anxiety sensitivity to improve the symptoms of BDD in applicants of various types of facial surgery.
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between neuroticism and body dysmorphic disorder mediated by anxiety sensitivity in applicants for various types of facial surgery.
Methods: The research method was descriptive, correlational, and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all visitors to beauty clinics in Urmia city for facial cosmetic surgery in the period from May to August 2024. Participants were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire for BDD (Phillips, 1997), Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire (McCrae & Costa, 2004), and Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire (Reiss et al., 2001). The data were analyzed using the statistical method of structural equation modeling with SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software.
Results: There is a positive and significant relationship between neuroticism and BDD (β= 0.193, p< 0.01), and anxiety sensitivity is a mediating variable in this relationship. Also, the effect of neuroticism on anxiety sensitivity (β= 0.340, p< 0.001) and the effect of anxiety sensitivity on body dysmorphic disorder (β= 0.314, p< 0.001) was positive and significant. The hypothetical model of the research has a better fit than the alternative models and can help to better understand the factors affecting BDD and provide therapeutic solutions.
Conclusion: The results provide a suitable framework for the etiology of BDD and can help in designing therapeutic interventions based on reducing neuroticism and anxiety sensitivity to improve the symptoms of BDD in applicants of various types of facial surgery.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/04/18 | Accepted: 2025/06/21 | Published: 2026/03/21
Received: 2025/04/18 | Accepted: 2025/06/21 | Published: 2026/03/21
References
1. برادران، مجید. (1399). نقش واسطهای راهبردهای نظمجویی واسطهای شناختی هیجان و مکانیسمهای دفاعی در رابطه کمالگرایی و حساسیت اضطرابی در دانشجویان متقاضی جراحی زیبایی. نشریه علمی روانشناسی سلامت. 2 (34)، 57-74. https://doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2020.48109.4517
2. بشارت، محمدعلی. (۱۳۹۹). کاربرد پارادوکس درمانی برای درمان اختلال بدشکلی بدنی: مطالعه موردی. مجله علوم روانشناختی. ۱۹ (۹۵)، ۱۳۸۷-۱۳۷۱. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-1025-fa.html
3. دمهری، فرنگیس و حمداوی، لیلا. (1393). پیشبینی نگرانی دانش-آموزان از بدریخت انگاری بدن براساس ویژگیهای شخصیتی آنها. فصلنامه شخصیت و تفاوتهای فردی. 3 (5)، 1-12. https://www.sid.ir/paper/249755/fa
4. ربیعی، مهدی؛ خرمدل، کاظم؛ کلانتری، مهرداد و مولوی، حسین. (1388). ساختار عاملی، پایایی و روایی مقیاس اصلاح شده وسواس فکریعملی ییل-براون برای اختلال بدشکلی بدن در میان دانشجویان. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران. 15 (4)، 343-350. https://www.sid.ir/paper/16748/fa
5. زارعان، مصطفی؛ نصیری، محمد؛ سیدرزاقی، مهسا؛ عزیزی، کیانا؛ گلزاری امجد، مهران و معبود، سهیلا. (۱۴۰۰). نقش میانجی ادراک خطر و حساسیت اضطرابی در رابطه نوروزگرایی و برونگرایی با مشکلات روانشناختی و رفتاری ویروس کرونا. مجله علوم روانشناختی. ۲۰ (۱۰۳)، ۱۰۵۴-۱۰۳۹. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-1198-fa.html
6. شمس، نعمت اله؛ افروز، غلامعلی و ارجمندنیا، علیاکبر. (1401). رابطه پایگاه اجتماعی-اقتصادی و ویژگیهای شخصیتی با سلامت روان والدین دارای بیش از یک فرزند استثنایی. نشریه سبک زندگی اسلامی با محوریت سلامت. 6 (2)، 60-67. https://www.sid.ir/paper/992974/fa
7. شهیدپور هاشمی، نیلوفر؛ اژدری، فاطمه و امیری، فرزاد. (1399). پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت و کمالگرایی مثبت و منفی به عنوان پیش بینهای علائم اختلال بدشکلی بدن دختران نوجوان. نشریه پژوهشهای میان رشتهای زنان. 2 (1)، 50-61. https://doi.org/10.52547/.2.1.50
8. صمدیان، شکوفه؛ کوچک انتظار، رضا؛ استکی، مهران؛ باغداساریانس، آنیتا و قنبریپناه، افسانه. (1398). مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری تبیین رابطه بین ویژگیهای شخصیتی و استرس ادراکشده با نگرانی از تصویر بدنی در افراد متقاضی جراحی زیبایی. فصلنامه پوست و زیبایی. 10 (2)، 81-93. http://jdc.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5391-fa.html
9. کمندلو، معصومه؛ کرمی، صابر؛ بلاشور، بهارک و شاهینی، مهدیس. (1403). رابطه بین تجربه ترومای کودکی با علائم اضطراب و اختلال بدشکلی بدن در متقاضیان جراحی زیبایی با میانجیگری حساسیت به طرد. نشریه روان پرستاری. 12 (1)، 64-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/IJPN.12.1.64
10. مام شریفی، پیمان؛ کورانی، زینب؛ درتاج، فریبرز؛ حق محمدی شراهی، قباد؛ و سهی، مجید. (1399). تدوین مدل پیش بینی آمادگی به اعتیاد بر اساس باورهای فراشناختی و هیجان خواهی: نقش واسطه ای پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت. مجله علوم روانشناختی، ۱۹ (۹۴)، ۱۲۳۰-۱۲۱۹. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1399.19.94.8.2
11. مرادیمنش، فردین؛ میرجعفری، سیداحمد؛ گودرزی، محمدعلی و محمدی، نوراله. (1386). بررسی ویژگیهای روانسنجی شاخص تجدیدنظر شده حساسیت اضطرابی(ASIR). مجله روانشناسی. 11 (4). 426-446. https://www.sid.ir/paper/436486/fa
12. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
13. Arouj K, & Zonash R. (2020). Impact of specific big-five factors on body dysmorphic disorder among cosmetic surgery patients. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 70(3), 849-854. https://pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/view/4678
14. Baradaran M. (2019). The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Defense Mechanisms in the Relationship between Perfectionism and Anxiety Sensitivity in Cosmetic Surgery Applicants Students. Health Psychology, 9(34), 57-74. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2020.48109.4517
15. Besharat M. (2020). The application of paradox therapy for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder: a case report. Journal of Psychological Science, 19(95), 1371-1387. (In Persian). http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-1025-fa.html
16. Bonell S, Barlow F K & Griffiths S. (2021). The cosmetic surgery paradox: Toward a contemporary understanding of cosmetic surgery popularisation and attitudes. Body Image, 38, 230-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.010
17. Cassiello-Robbins C, Wilner J G & Sauer-Zavala S. (2020). Neuroticism. In Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences, () 3222-3227. Cham: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1256
18. Çelik E, Biçener E, Bayın Ü & Uğur E. (2022). Mediation role of anxiety sensitivity on the relationships between intolerance of uncertainty and fear of COVID-19. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 38(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.469511
19. Demehri F & Hamdavi L. (2014). Predicting students' body dysmorphic anxiety based on their personality traits. Journal of Personality & Individual Differences, 3(5), 1-12. (In Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/249755/fa
20. Fang A, Porth R, Phillips K A & Wilhelm S. (2019). Personality as a predictor of treatment response to escitalopram in adults with body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 25(5), 347-357. 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000415
21. Heggenstaller A K, Rau A, Coetzee J K, Ryen A & Smit, R. (2018). Reflecting on female beauty: Cosmetic surgery and (dis) empowerment. Qualitative Sociology Review, 14(4), 48-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.14.4.04
22. Kamandloo M, Karami S, Balashour B & Shahini M. The Relationship between Childhood Trauma Experience with Anxiety Symptoms and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Cosmetic Surgery Applicants with the Mediation of Rejection Sensitivity. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing (IJPN), 1(12), 64-77. (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/IJPN.12.1.64
23. Kline R B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
24. Krebs G, Hannigan L J, Gregory A M, Rijsdijk F V & Eley T C. (2020). Reciprocal links between anxiety sensitivity and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in youth: a longitudinal twin study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(9), 979-987. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13183
25. Lauriola M, Carleton R N, Tempesta D, Calanna P, Socci V, Mosca O & Ferrara M. (2019). A correlational analysis of the relationships among intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, subjective sleep quality, and insomnia symptoms. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(18), 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183253
26. Lăzărescu G M & Vintilă M. (2023). The relationship between personality traits and willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery in the non-clinical population–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1241952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1241952
27. Malcolm A, Labuschagne I, Castle D, Terrett G, Rendell, P. G & Rossell S L. (2018). The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review of direct comparative studies. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(11), 1030-1049. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418799925
28. MamSharifi P, Koorani Z, Dortaj F, Haghmohamadi Sharahi G, Sohi M. (2020). Addiction prone prediction modeling based on meta-cognitive beliefs and sensation seeking: the mediating role of big five personality traits. Journal of Psychological Science. 19(94), 1219-1230. (In Persian). https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1399.19.94.8.2
29. McCrae R. R & Costa Jr P T. (2004). A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personality and individual differences, 36(3), 587-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1
30. McNally R J. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Biological psychiatry, 52(10), 938-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01475-0
31. Mirpour M, Askari M, Lahouti Fard P & Yazdani, J. (2025). Depression vs Neuroticism, the Relationships with Past and Present Life Satisfaction and Presence of Meaning in Life. Journal of Psychological Science. 24(146), 1-9. (In Persian). http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-2651-fa.html
32. Moradimanesh F, Mirjafari S A, Goodarzi M. A & Mohammadi N. (2007). Investigating the psychometric properties of the revised Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASIR). Journal of Psychology. 11(4), 426-446. (In Persian).https://www.sid.ir/paper/436486/fa
33. Nawaz B, Fatima B, Yousuf T, Muryum H, Jamal N, Ahmad, K & Maheshwary N. (2024). Body dysmorphic disorder, social anxiety and the role of rejection sensitivity in Karachi's adolescents. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists, 34(1), 134-140.https://www.jpad.com.pk/index.php/jpad/article/view/2444
34. Northrop J M. (2013). Reflecting on cosmetic surgery: Body image, shame and narcissism. Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203121511
35. Phillips K A, Hollander E, Rasmussen S A, Aronowitz, B R, DeCaria C & Goodman W K. (1997). A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacology bulletin, 33(1), 17-22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9133747/
36. Rabiee M, Khorramdel K, Kalantari M & Molavi H. (2010). Factor Structure, Validity and Reliability of the Modified Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 15(4), 343- 350. (In Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/16748/fa
37. Ramos T D, de Brito M J A, Suzuki V Y, Sabino Neto M & Ferreira L M. (2019). High prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and moderate to severe appearance-related obsessive–compulsive symptoms among rhinoplasty candidates. Aesthetic plastic surgery, 43, 1000-1005.Doi.org/10.1007/s00266-018-1300-1
38. Reiss S, Peterson R A, Gursky D M & McNally R J. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity index (ASI). Practitioner's Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety, 101. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=voThBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA101&dq=Reiss,+S.,+Peterson,+R.+A.,+Gursky,+D.+M.,+%26+McNally,+R.+J.+(2001).+Anxiety+sensitivity+index+(ASI)&ots=zUynV6bTYJ&sig=0dg_lTJ8ih1U2glHbESuMqxGVGk#v=onepage&q&f=false
39. Salari N, Kazeminia M, Heydari M, Darvishi N, Ghasemi H, Shohaimi S & Mohammadi M. (2022). Body dysmorphic disorder in individuals requesting cosmetic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 75(7), 2325-2336.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2022.04.098
40. Samadian S, Koochakentezar R, Estaki M, Baghdassarians A & Ghanbaripanah, A. (2019). Structural equation modeling in explaining the relationship between personality traits and perceived stress with body image concern in cosmetic surgery applicants, 10(2), 81-93. (In Persian). http://jdc.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5391-fa.html
41. Samantaray N N, Mishra A, Singh A R, Sudhir P M & Singh P. (2023). Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor, and non-specific therapeutic factors as predictors and mediators of CBT outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder in a naturalistic mental health setting. Journal of affective disorders, 324, 92-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.085
42. Sauer-Zavala S & Barlow D H. (2021). Neuroticism: A new framework for emotional disorders and their treatment. Guilford Publications. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2021-59086-000
43. Shahidpour Hashemi N, Azhdari F & Amiri F. (2020). Five major factors of personality and positive and negative perfectionism as predictor of symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent girls. Woman Interdisciplinary Researches Journal, 2(1), 50-61. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.52547/.2.1.50
44. Shams N, Afrooz G A & Arjmandnia, A. (2022). Relationship between SocioEconomic Status and Personality Traits with Mental Health of Parents with More Than One Exceptional Child. Islamic Life Style, 6(2), 60-67. (In Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/992974/fa
45. Shemirani S M, Talaei A, Ranjbar G & Taheri E. (2023). Structural Equation Model of Bulimia Nervosa Based on Mindfulness and Anxiety Sensitivity in Obese Women: The Mediating Role of Body Image and Psychosomatic Symptoms. International Journal of Body, Mind & Culture, 10(4), 2345-5802. https://doi.org/10.22122/ijbmc.v10i4.479
46. Sucupira E, De Brito M J A, Leite A T, Aihara E M K, Neto M S & Ferreira L M. (2022). Body dysmorphic disorder and personality in breast augmentation: The big-five personality traits and BDD symptoms. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 75(9), 3101-3107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2021.11.044
47. Veale D, Gledhill L J, Christodoulou P & Hodsoll J. (2016). Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: A systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body Image, 18, 168-186. Doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.07.003
48. Wu Y, Alleva J M, Broers N J & Mulkens S. (2022). Attitudes towards cosmetic surgery among women in China and the Netherlands. Plos one, 17(4), e0267451. https://dataverse.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.34894/J5EKAR
49. Zaborski D, Rzepa T, Pastucha M, Modrzejewski A & Grzesiak W. (2019). Neuroticism level and life satisfaction in women undergoing breast augmentation surgery (a preliminary report). Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 43, 521-530. Doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01308-6
50. Zarean M, Nasiri M, Seyyed Razzaghi M, Azizi K, Golzari Amjad M & Mabud, S. (2021). The mediating role of risk perception and anxiety sensitivity in the structural relations of neuroticism and extravertion with the psychological and behavioral problems of corona virus. Journal of Psychological Science, 20(103), 1039-1054. (In Persian). Doi: 10.52547/JPS.20.103.1039
51. Wauthia E, Lefebvre L, Huet K, Blekic W, El Bouragui K & Rossignol M. (2019). Examining the hierarchical influences of the big-five dimensions and anxiety sensitivity on anxiety symptoms in children. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 446823. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01185
52. Xie Q, Guan Y, Hofmann S G, Jiang T & Liu X. (2023). The potential mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the impact of mindfulness training on anxiety and depression severity and impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 64(1), 21-29.https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12860
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. |
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)